Looking for Free Windows OS? ReactOS is here.

Some rights reserved by Plum Lady

I keep looking for free stuff available online. In the early days when my searches were only limited to torrents, keygens, patches etc, didn't get much of a exposure to free legal stuff. FOSS came for rescue and then many different things lined up. Thanks to Ubuntu!!! Its been more than 3 years that i quit windows for daily use... But what haunts me at times is the when there is some software that i need to use desperately and its setup is only available for Windows. Wine helps many a times but not always. At times i felt, if Windows could be free too ... :(

Then on one fine day i wanted to make a doc. I use Libre generally. But this one needed to be highly compatible since i was suppose to send it to some windows user. I got Office 2007 installed in Wine. I used it for quite sometime and then it started throwing some weird error and got closed time and again. At this instance the first thing is googled is Free and open source windows like OS. While there were many linux pages pulled up that i already knew about, this one caught my attention. "Free and Open Source Windows like OS - ReactOS ".

So, what is ReactOS? Its an effort to provide Free and Open Source alternative to Windows. The term "React" also comes from a reaction of dissatisfaction of Microsoft's monopolistic position(source Wikipedia).

ReactOS is an Open Source implementation of NT family of windows. A part of the implementation has been assisted from Wine. The OS is still in its alpha stage and has been selected as a best project from Forge Magazine.

Many alternatives for the set up are available i.e VM images, iso images etc for everyone to have maximum access. The site has all kind of download options available. If in case you happen to find some issue in the installation, you can always report it to the team in their JIRA. The installations are both automated and manual for testing purpose.

You can even contribute to the community as a Dev, QA, Release or Tech Writer. Wishing to get this one released soon. :) 

Free and Open Source Alternatives for most of the paid softwares on Windows Machine

 Some rights reserved by opensource.com

I have recently been using windows more than usual for official use. Being an Ubuntu user i am not much used to either use a trial version of any paid software or pay for any software. I googled a lot for my daily use softwares to make my life comfortable and found that almost for every paid software there was an alternative in the Free and Open Source World. Here is what i found:

• Operating System : Widows (Paid) -> ReactOS (Alternative) I have a different blog written for this.
• Office Utility : Microsoft Office (Paid) -> Libre Office, Open Office(Alternative). For years i only knew about Open Office as an open source alternative. However after going through the threads on Ubuntu forums as to why was Libre Office considered over Open Office as a default Office utility for the OS i came to know that Libre Office development was far too faster than that of Open Office. I even saw the results myself to verify this fact. I would recommend Libre Office for the same reason.
• Video/Music Player : Windows Media Player (Most Probably Paid - I have hardly heard of Microsoft ever releasing anything free of cost :D) -> VLC media Player, Media Player Classic(Alternative).
• Remote File Sharing : WinSCP, FileZilla, Putty
• IDE for C# Programming : Microsoft Visual Studio (Paid) -> Sharp Develop (Alternative) (Although i was looking for Command line utility as i am only used to VIM as such, but found this one and made a note of it.
• File Compression : WinRAR, WinZIP(Paid) -> 7zip(Alternative)
• PDF Reader : Adobe Acrobat Reader(Freeware+Commercial) -> Foxit(Alternative)
• Email Client : Outlook(Paid) -> Thunderbird(Alternative)
• VM : VMWare(Paid) -> VirtualBox(Alternative)
• Reference Management : Zotero (Zotero is another good add-on cum software for Reference Management. You can save your websites and URL/PDF preferences online so that whenever you clean your cache on browsers and you desperately needed some link and you cleared your cache and reinstalled new browser. You can check your Zotero and get URL/PDF back as all these preferences are stored online in your separate account.)
• Cloud Storage : GoogleDrive/Dropbox

Second Place Story : Server ghouls haunt bulk ingestion

Some rights reserved by Julie Rybarczyk

I recently shared one of my stories while monitoring an Ingestion Server with AppFirst for one of the Halloween contest they conducted. Thankfully, won 2nd prize in the same. Sharing the same story here along with the link to visit.

Second Place Story

Server ghouls haunt bulk ingestion
Company: Roshvert
I was suppose to monitor an Ingestion Server that was performing a bulk ingestion through an EC2 instance with around 200 GB of data to be ingested to another server.
Since it was a huge amount of data and the ingestion would take another day to complete, I kept the ingestion going and the logs were performing well. I decided then that I’d log in early tomorrow morning to check the ingestion status. During this time, the log files were supposed to be created automatically through the ingestion and the name of the log file for any particular day should be log_dd-mm-yyyy.txt with date of that day mentioned. It was a staging server and the code was supposed to be supplied for UAT in a day or two.
I logged in early the next morning to check the ingestion status. I was totally puzzled as I couldn’t make out what was happening:

• The log file for the previous day log_27-08-2013.txt was showing everything went well until 11pm midnight and no logs thereafter.
• The log file for today log_28-08-2013.txt got created with no data in it.
• The ingestion process was running with no errors.
• The server logs showed no errors.
• The system never went down.
• Nearly 150 GB of data was still to be ingested and was not progressing at all.
• None of the logs showed any updates as to why the ingestion was not progressing.

Since the delivery was urgent, I stopped the ingestion on the instance and restarted it. To my horror, the ingestion was not progressing at all. I tried running ingestion on other instances, and it worked fine.
Then something hit me, and I went back to check the logs of ingestion. The ingestion logs still showed nothing with 0 kb space used by the logs. Wait!!! Space? 0kb? 150 GB data still remaining?
I immediately checked the disk space and found zero space available. Whoaa!!!
What actually happened is while performing the ingestion, the server created a duplicate copy of the data on the same instance, and until the entire ingestion completes, this data used to remain there. Around 250 GB of disk space was used by ingestion by midnight and the disk was full. I immediately attached a bigger volume to the instance and restarted the ingestion. Thankfully it was complete in a few hours and that saved me from a big trouble!!!

Custom ROM on LG Optimus 2x

Some rights reserved by Johan Larsson

Ever since I started using LG Optimus 2X P990, i noticed some or the other issue with its Battery. The OS was as well not upgradable as it supported updates only to Android 2.3. I tried almost all battery saving apps from the App store. Well, battery was not the only problem, the phone used to freeze after sometime after using it. After browsing a lot through the XDA Developers forum i found that the default firmware provided by LG wasn't good enough for the hardware. Only a new custom ROM would help. There were numerous mentions on CynogenMod being the best of all. However getting a custom ROM was not a one click solution.
Here are some steps how you could get your own custom ROM on LG Optimus 2X although these are common for most of the phones.

1. Install LG Optimus P990 USB driver on your windows PC
2. Experts suggest that your phone should have a good battery life before going ahead with this as it take time for the installation to finish.
3. You will first need to root your phone before going ahead with Custom ROM. I used OneClick root software. It took a while, but did the job.
4. Install Titanium Backup to backup all your apps and other data
5. Enable USB debugging mode from settings
6. To back up your contacts you can use www.phonecopy.com
7. Download any version of you choice form Cyanogens' website. I chose a stable one, although you can go for any of the nightly release too.
8. Install Clock work mode recovery software on your phone.
9. Copy the Cynogenmod zip to your SD CARD
10. Power off the phone
11. Restart the phone by pressing the start button and holding the Volume button down.
12. You will be in Clock Work Recovery mode screen
13. Click on Wipe data
14. Click on Wipe Cache
15. Click on Install Zip from sdcard
16. Select the zip and wait for the installation to finish
17. After the installation restart you phone to find the new ROM installed.
18. You may find that Google Apps are missing here. You can look for CyanogenMod gapps and install them using Steps 11, 12, 15, 16 above.
19. Restart the phone and you can see google apps as well.

There are many other custom ROMs available. Some famous ones are CynogenMod, Paranoid, AOKP, Liquid Smooth etc.

New Relic

I received a mail some months ago to register to New Relic, they had some cool offers then like free t-shirts etc. I didn't check it then as i was really busy with other stuff. However since my new DevOps learning experience and course material had mentions of monitoring tools, after googling a bit i came across New Relic too.

So New Relic is a software analytics company. It delivers a Saas)Software as a service) model, that monitors Web and Mobile application real-time. Monitoring using New Relic seemed easy as i tried it on one or two systems and the logs generated looked really accurate and helpful too.

While there are may other useful ways as well for any organization for monitoring using New Relic, i only tried it for a systems performance. You can monitor your app, by simply supplying a a config file to the project directory and compiling and deploying the project. New Relic will provide real-time updates of the resources used by the app. You can add many plugins to your New Relic dashboard and enhance your monitoring experience.

Installation

• Installation on windows was simple as you just have to download New Relic executable from their website. free trial is available. 
• After installing New Relic Server monitor. Log in to your New Relic account (Create one if you did not create.) You can see you dashboard.
• Click on Dashboard and click on Add more. It will pull up the list of compatible Operating systems along with instructions to go ahead with monitoring.
• It is important to note that their is a unique key supplied on this page for the monitoring to show any progress or logs in the system.

Configuring

• The configuration only involves copying the key to the New Relic Server monitor on your windows machine
• Go to Start > Programs > New Relic Server Monitor > Configure copy the key to the space provided.
• If you are using any proxy then you can add more details in the proxy tab

Start Service

• Once the required configuration has been done, just click on start service and start monitoring in you Dashboard in the web interface.

You can see Pie Charts, Graphs of total memory used by process, total memory free, disk space, network usage etc. Screenshots are attached. Happy Monitoring.

Shell Scripting Tuts

Some rights reserved by Linux Screenshots

VIM shortcuts
:tabfind open new tab
:tabn and tabp for next and previous tabs
:tabedit to open a new tab with a new filename
esc v for marking, d to cut, y to copy, p to paste
:wrap to enable wordwrap

Shell Scripting
1. Use any scripting editor, i will use VIM

2. After the shell script is complete set execute permission to the script for the script to execute. The permissions can be changed by the command chmod.
    Syntax is
    chmod permission your-script name
    e.g
    $ chmod +x script
    $ chmod 755 script
    755 sets permission for user (read 4 write 2 execute 1) group and others (read 4 execute 1)

3. Executing your script : There are three ways of executing a script:
    Syntax:
        bash script-name
        sh script-name
        ./script-name
    E.g
        $ bash script
        $ sh script
        $ ./script
    Note: ./means current directory. But only .(dot) means execute a given command in the current shell without starting a new copy of the shell. The syntax for .(dot) command is . command-name e.g $ . foo
# This is my 1st shell program
clear
echo "Knowledge is Power"
Anything after "#" is a comment
clear - this will clear the screen
echo - prints the message

4. The computer memory is divided into small locations and each location is called as a memory address. These memory addresses hold data in them. A programmer can give a name to these memory locations. This is called as variable. These variable can take values.
Linux has two types of variables:
i. System Variables (Maintained by Linux system, seen in caps case)
ii. User defined varibales (User defined, small case)
Variable declaration:
n=10
Dont put spaces on either side of the equals sign that should give an error. Variables are case sensitive. While printing the values of the variables use the '$' symbol, e.g echo $n

5. Shell Arithmetic
The term expr is used to perform arithmetic operations in shell.
Syntax : expr op1 operator op2
e.g
$ expr 1 + 3
$ expr 2 - 1
$ expr 10 / 2
$ expr 20 % 3
$ expr 10 \* 3
$ echo `expr 6 + 3`

Note : Backticks ` is called backtick and this is mean to execute any command in the script e.g echo "today is `date`"

6. Exit status
By default in Linux if any command is executed, it would return two types of values, 1. 0 (ZERO) 2. Non ZERO
zero is success while non zero is not
This is called as the exit status of the command. By default to find the exist status of any command. Just do a $? will give you the exit status
e.g In the terminal try removing a file that does not exist rm newfile, Now do an echo $? it should give you a non zero value. Now do an ls and again echo $? it should give you a 0

7. User input
to accept an input from the user, use the command 'read'
read var1, var2, var3

8. WildCards
There are three wildcards in shell
?, *, [...]
? - will Match a single character
* - will Match a group of characters
[...]* - will match a group of characters in the mentioned set
e.g
[abc]* will look for all the matches starting with a,b and c
[!abcd] or [!a-d] everything except a,b,c,d

Note: If you want to execute two or more commands in one line, use a semicolon
e.g ls; who; date; cal

9. Command line arguments
Some commands need arguments to be passed. e.g if you do an rm, you would need to specify the file you want to remove. The specifying of the file is the command line argument to that command. For every shell script there is a command line argument that cane be specified by $<number>. $0 is the name of the script. $1 is the 1st argument. $2 is the 2nd argument and so on...

10. Redirection of Standard input output
Three symbols are used for redirection'
> , < , >>
> : command > file : this will write to the file provided
< : command < file : take input from the file provided
>> : command >> file : will append input to the file if file already exist

11. Pipes
pipe is a utility to connect the output of one program to the input of another program without any temporary file. Pipe is a temporary storage place, where the output of one command is stored, and then passed to the input of another command. Pipes are used to run more than two commands for the same command line.
$ ls | more
$ who | sort
$ who | sort > user_list
$ who | wc -l
$ ls -l | wc  -l
$ who | grep raju

12. Filters
If a Linux command accepts its input from the standard input and produces its output on standard output is know as a filter. A filter performs some kind of process on the input and gives output. For e.g.. Suppose you have file called 'hotel.txt' with 100 lines data, And from 'hotel.txt' you would like to print contains from line number 20 to line number 30 and store this result to file called 'hlist' then give command:
$ tail +20 < hotel.txt | head -n30 >hlist

13. If Condition
if is used for decision making. If a particular condition is true command1 is executed.
Syntax:
if condition
then
  command1
fi

condition is comparison between values, comparison can be done using the expr operator or the by cheking the exit status.
#!/bin/bash
if cat $1
then
  echo "$1 file found on this location"
fi

if [ $2 -gt 0 ]
then
  echo "$2 positive number"
fi

if [ -f $3 ]
then
  echo "$3 file exists"
fi

if...else...if
#!/bin/bash
if [ -f $1 ]
then
  echo "$1 exist"
else
  if [ -f $2 ]
  then
    echo "$2 exist"
  else
    if [ -f $3 ]
    then
      echo "$3 exist"
    fi 
  fi 
fi
execution
$ sh -x shell3.sh asdff adfdag shell1.sh
+ [ -f asdff ]
+ [ -f adfdag ]
+ [ -f shell1.sh ]
+ echo shell1.sh exist
shell1.sh exist
$ sh -x shell3.sh asdff shell2.sh shell1.sh
+ [ -f asdff ]
+ [ -f shell2.sh ]
+ echo shell2.sh exist
shell2.sh exist
$ sh -x shell3.sh shell3.sh shell2.sh shell1.sh
+ [ -f shell3.sh ]
+ echo shell3.sh exist
shell3.sh exist

#!/bin/bash
echo "1. Linux \n 2. Windows \n 3. None"
read ch
if [ $ch -eq 1 ]
then
  echo "You seem like a geek"
else
  echo "You are good"
  if [ $ch -eq 3 ]
  then
    echo " But, I dont know, what you do"
  fi 
fi

#!/bin/bash
echo "1. student\n2.work\n3.none"
read ch
if [ $ch -eq 1 ]
then
  echo "Happy Studying"
elif [ $ch -eq 2 ]
then
  echo "You should study too"
elif [ $ch -eq 3 ]
then
  echo "Study an get a job"
fi



14. Looping in Shell
Looping is execution of a particular expression time and again until a particular condition is satisfied.
bash supports for loops and while loops
looping needs 1. initializing of a variable, 2. test condition in beginning, 3. body of loop at the end modifies the initialized variable

15. For Loop

Syntax:

for { variable name } in { list }
do
execute one for each item in the list until the list is
not finished (And repeat all statement between do and done)
done

  e.g

for i in 1 2 3 4 5
do
echo "Welcome $i times"
done

#!/bin/bash
for i in `seq 1 10`
do
  echo "Welcome $i times"
done


16. While loops
 Syntax:

while [ condition ]
  do
     command1
     command2
     command3
  done

To be contd...

Build your own private cloud with Ubuntu - II

Some rights reserved by ErinOfEarth

Continuing from...

Build your own private cloud with Ubuntu - I

  Create node for your MAAS server. You must have atleast 2 nodes before going ahead with juju setup. Go to the webpage for maas server and Click on Add nodes.

We left all the other information fields there blank except for the MAC-ADDRESS. You can get the mac address of your computer by ipconfig on windows and ifconfig on Ubuntu - Ubuntu users can do: 

ifconfig | grep hwadrs

Then we went to
http://maas.ubuntu.com/docs/juju-quick-start.html
Thereafter we created ~/.juju/environments.yaml
vim ~/.juju/environments.yaml
Added the following details to this file

juju: environments
environments:
  maas:
    type: maas
    maas-server: 'http://localhost:5240'
    maas-oauth: '${maas-api-key}'
    admin-secret: 'nothing'

Got an error default-series: missing

Added this line to the above file
    default-series: 'precise'
Error Gone

juju status
New error
Juju INFO Connecting to environment... Unhandled error in Deferred: Unhandled Error

Investigated, result:
Juju packages needs to be installed from ppa:juju/pkg

Went to
https://juju.ubuntu.com/docs/
removed existing juju
sudo apt-get update
            sudo apt-get install juju-core (error no package)


sudo add-apt-repository ppa:juju/devel
            sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install juju-core

Configuring Juju
juju generate-config -w   
previously written environment.yml was moved and the changes were added to the new yml file.

error: environment has no access-key or secret-key

changed default: amazon to default: maas
juju bootsrap
error:no tools
sudo juju -v sync-tools

roshan@ubuntu-cloud:~$ sudo juju bootstrap
error: cannot start bootstrap instance: cannot run instances: gomaasapi: got error back from server: 409 CONFLICT

CONFLICT from maas means that it doesn't have any nodes available for juju to acquire (juju bootstrap needs to boot a node).
It's not the best error unfortunately, juju needs fixing to show all the text. You need the server edition of 12.04

Nodes were disconnected for sometime...
Next article should have the addition of nodes...

Creating an exactly similar snapshot of your existing running EC2 ami instance

Some rights reserved by Martin Fisch

Everything was going pretty well on the existing EC2 instance, when the developers offshore came up with another version of the existing CMS, which needed to be tested along with the existing CMS. One way was to have another virtual host created for the new CMS but there were some existing resources that could not be shared between the two CMSs.

The only way out of this was to have another instance with the new CMS version. Installing the same applications in the new instance was surely time consuming, this would take another day for sure. So we came up with the idea of creating a snapshot of the existing instance.

Caution: If you only try to create a copy of the existing instance you will only get the Instance along with the OS not the applications along with it. To create the exact similar copy of the instance the steps are slightly different.

Steps to create an exact similar copy are as follows:

1. Create an EBS volume using the web interface. You may use Amazon Documentation for this.
2. Attach this volume to your existing instance. note down the volume and the device id. (Vol -123456, /dev/sdg) Documentation
3. Next you would need is a file system to work on, on the attached volume. Log in to your instance, and use the commands below
• mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdg
• tune2fs -c 0 /dev/sdg
4. Now mount this disk
• mkdir /mnt/data
• mount /dev/sdg /mnt/ebs
5. Now you can copy all the data to your EBS volume but before you do that, shutdown the running services that may harm the data, I stopped MySQL Apache, ElasticSearch etc on my instance. To copy all data use rsync : This will sync all the data in your present volume to the new volume.
• rsync -avx --exclude /mnt / /mnt/ebs //you may use --exclude <directory name> to exclude any directories
6. This should take long time depending on how big the data is. Once the copying is done, Unmount the volume by:
• umount /dev/sdg
• You may want to check the volume space by df -h
7. Detach the volume for the present instance from the console. Documentation
8. Right click on the volume and click on create AMI image. When the image is created. Right click on it and click on Launch Instance.

You now have an exact copy of your old instance running.

Local Drupal Setup

Some rights reserved by Gabor Hojtsy

Drupal is a CMS (Content Management System) written in PHP and is distributed under GNU public license. It is used as a backend for most of the websites world wide. Many organizations as well as individuals are switching there websites to a CMS based website for one reason: Easy management. The other important reasons follow thereafter.

So here's how to setup Drupal locally on your machine.

You would need two things to setup Drupal.

1. Drupal's  latest version from the Drupals website
2. A WAMP(Windows Apache MySQL PHP) server setup. Linux users (LAMP) from wamps website

Steps to install:
1. Install Wamp
This will be fairly simple, Once you execute the wampserver.exe all you do is press next until its successfully installed.
2. Unzip the Drupal's zip file downloaded to the wamp/www folder in your C: drive OR whichever drive has the wamp's www directory.
3. The directory name at present is Drupal-x.y(version number), Rename it to drupal.
4. If you have Skype installed and running note that skype uses the same port as that of WAMP so WAMP may give up problems. Close Skype and Run WAMP from the system tray start the service.
5. In your  browser, type localhost and press enter, You should see WAMPs page, Select PHPMYADMIN on the page.
6. Next we need to create a database for Drupal. In the create new database field enter you drupal db name and press create.
7. Drupal database is not created.
8. On you browser go to localhost/drupal this should prompt you for drupal install
Database type: mysql
Database name: <drupal_db_name>
Database username: root
Database password:blank
Save configuration.
9.  Create an account enter you details, you may get a mail error, ignore for now. Save it.
10. Click on home link and you should see your drupal home page.
11. Click on rebuild permissions on the home page if you see it. It should remove any errors in the permissions in file system.
12. From the tabs above find the configuration tab and if you see any errors it should be marked in red in the configuration page in the status report. The solution to any error is usually available in the same area. SO you are good to go in.

You now have a local copy of your Drupal Installation available and ready to use.

Setting up your own FTP server (Ubuntu)

Some rights reserved by Blake Patterson

Only after i did it i learnt, things aren't as difficult as they seem to be. I recently got a chance to set up my own FTP server. Not only that, i also made people use it. That was a real win.

So here's the thing, Due to some technical problems my company's FTP server was non-functional or i would say, it didn't give the results as per expectations. So i started looking for alternatives. Since the QA team tests mostly on a Windows machine i was looking for a Windows FTP server setup. I am not sure if any FTP server setup software is available for free, but after some research i only found some paid FTP server softwares for Windows which i didn't really want.

The project requirement was such that the, the application will be continuosly monitoring the FTP server. A cronjob will be setup which will look for some XML files in the FTP servers xyz directory. The found XMLs will be auto-ingested into the application by a POST and the Database will be updated accordingly.

So i needed an FTP. Obviously, i was looking for a free one. Ubuntu came for my rescue. I would rather say, i got another reason for why i prefer Linux over Windows.

vsftpd - Very Secure File Transfer Protocol Daemon

vsftpd is an ftp server for Linux and Unix machines distributed under GNU public license. It supports almost all Linux systems and it is fairly easy to install as well. You can customize a welcome message for people logging in to your server. And all the required changes just needs to be done in a configuration text file. That was awesome!!!

More about vsftpd can be read from Wikipedia

Steps to install and have your own vsftpd

I would say 4 simple steps (on Ubuntu Linux) and you have you FTP server started.

1. sudo apt-get install vsftpd
2. Open the configuration text file vsftpd.conf in your favorite editor  "vim /etc/vsftpd.conf"
3. Make the required changes and save the file (Changes are discussed below)
4. Start the vsftpd service by sudo service vsftpd start OR /etc/init.d/vsftpd start

You have your own FTP server setup.
 Important changes in the configuration file:

listen=YES
# Allow anonymous FTP? (Beware - allowed by default if you comment this out).
anonymous_enable=YES
# Uncomment this to allow local users to log in.
local_enable=YES
# Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command.
write_enable=YES
# Directory which you want to be the root FTP directory
local_root=/srv/ftp/
  # Activate directory messages - messages given to remote users when they
 # go into a certain directory.
 dirmessage_enable=YES
  # If enabled, vsftpd will display directory listings with the time
 # in  your  local  time  zone.  The default is to display GMT. The
 # times returned by the MDTM FTP command are also affected by this
 # option.
 use_localtime=YES
  # Activate logging of uploads/downloads.
 xferlog_enable=YES
  # Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftp-data).
  connect_from_port_20=YES
 # You may fully customise the login banner string:
 ftpd_banner=Welcome to Roshan's FTP service.
 # This option should be the name of a directory which is empty.  Also, the
 # directory should not be writable by the ftp user. This directory is used
 # as a secure chroot() jail at times vsftpd does not require filesystem
 # access.
 secure_chroot_dir=/var/run/vsftpd/empty
 # This string is the name of the PAM service vsftpd will use.
 pam_service_name=vsftpd
 # This option specifies the location of the RSA certificate to use for SSL
 # encrypted connections.
 rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem

This is all you need to do to have a personal FTP.

To login to your ftp server you need to do the following in a Linux or Windows Terminal.

ftp <your_ip_addres>
Username: <for_ur_machine>
Password: <for_ur_machine>
 logged in

all the transfer operations can now be performed

Build your own private cloud with Ubuntu - I

Some rights reserved by ErinOfEarth

I recently tried building my private cloud with my System Administrator Chaitanya. While we both were successful we both were new to it and are still exploring. Since ages I was looking for this concept of private cloud, but then thought, unless i get a feel of it i wont know what it is. We found this page online http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud/private-cloud which helped us go with it.

We downloaded 12.04 for we read this in the link :

For extended support,choose Ubuntu Server 12.04.2 LTS, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS is a long-term support release, and has support guaranteed until April 2017.

while 13.04 was only to be supported for 9 months.

We could write the image on a CD or USB disk, we chose USB disk, used Startup Disk creator for this purpose on an Ubuntu machine. The image was booted on a machine with 250 GB space HDD and a 4 GB RAM which was mentioned in the specification on some link. Anyone who has already installed Ubuntu or any other linux, the installation wont be a big deal for them. Its as usual and regular like any other linux installation. First you see a boot screen with booting options. You need to select MAAS as a server in the boot menu. Next screen should ask you to define a hostname for the system. Next select the keyboard (US). Select the location (India). Next screen asks for the Network Interface, I selected one out of two i had(Realtek). Next was Set up users and Passwords for non adminitrative privileges, then full name, next username, choose a password, reenter password, encrypt ur home directory -> no

timezone kolkatta yes. 

Next you will see the partition screen, Since it was a private cloud installation we were unaware of the kind of partition that we should go for. We chose a manual partition since we wanted to specify the 250 GB space on the machine and not loose other important data on the disk. We selected the free 250 GB space and since we were unaware of the partitions that it would need we chose Automatically partition the free space. We noticed, it automatically created a swap of 4.2 GB and the entire disk on / ext4 file system. Next finish partitioning  and write changes to disk, confirm changes made ->yes.

Now http proxy information on the next page, since we did not have any we left this one blank. Updates -> No automatic updates, Download Language Support -> Yes.

We got a message that maas server configured 10.10.10.125/MAAS. We tried accessing this from a different machine in the network, unfortunately this did not work. Reason being server was still not started. We need to restart the machine for this. Next we need to enter the following command in the terminal 

sudo dpkg-reconfigure maas-region-controller

Install grub loader and then the installation was complete....

Reboot

Once restarted the boot screen looks similar to any other grub loader screen. Its plain text based OS which was expected anyways. After restart when we access the http://10.10.10.125/maas URL we found the maas login screen there.

Maas can be installed with the following link as well.

maas.ubuntu.com/docs/install.html

As mentioned in the above URL we found an error message on top of the login webpage.  "The region controller does not know whether any boot images have been imported yet ... blah blah...

We had no superuser yet created for the page so that was the 1st thing to do on the command line use the following command for the same.

sudo maas createsuperuser

I will prompt you to enter a new username password. Once you are done you can login to the webpage with the credentials you just created.

The import boot images however still remains there, this is because we dont have any boot boot images present with us. MAAS checks for and downloads new images every week however you need to download manually for the 1st time using

sudo maas-import-pxe-files

This takes a long time to complete so you can grab a coffee for yourself :)

PXE : Preboot Execution Environment
Its and environment to boot computers using a network interface independently of data storage devices like HDD or installed operating systems.

More in next part...

Do's and Dont's for a Fresher Resume

Some rights reserved by woodleywonderworks

Although i am no expert, nor do i belong to the HR or recruiting dept. by any chance, A few days ago, i got an opportunity to filter a few resume and select only those fresher candidates  who were good enough for the position. It was only then i got how difficult it might be for a recruiter to set a filter to select only a few candidates out of a bunch of resumes in his/her inbox. Initially since i was myself a beginner i started going through the resumes one by one and later figured it out that i could not really go through all the 100+ resumes i had. What next? There were few things i noted about the people who used to send their resumes. Some of them knew how to sell their resumes while some didn't. Here are some key impressive points i feel that a fresher could include while sending a resume. Please let me know if i get wrong anywhere.

• A catchy subject-line which mentions his most suitable quality for the position.

Some candidates mentioned some certifications, or some course relevant to the position in the subject line or some other outstanding performance of themselves in the subject line this made their resume look different. I didn't even bother to see inside a lot and i shortlisted them for the one quality that they had. They knew how to sell themselves.

• A side headline of the resume mentioning their best skills or skills relevant for the position.

I am not sure if this is a part of a good resume writing etiquettes but i did see that some people did not necessarily update their resume for each company they apply for, All they do is mention a separate side headline to the resume, and in one line either mention their best skills, distinguished quality, or any other skill relevant to the position. But dont do this everywhere!! Surely, if u have mentioned in the Subject-line of the mail any of these things, you don't need to be repeating this on the resume too.

• Skills at the 1st page, next to the basic personal details.

Some resumes looked really boring and i didn't even feel like going to the next page. Reason being, their was unnecessary self description which obviously yields me nothing. While few resumes were to the point and right after looking at the 1st page anyone could make out that the person was suitable for the position. So, if the skills possessed are mentioned on the 1st page a recruiter knows what should he be looking for in the resume.

• Mentioning common skills in a different manner is surely advantageous

Almost all the resumes had the skills section say "C, C++, JAVA". So, how does one differentiates him from others? Why should i hire/shortlist him? I think its better that when a fresher writes his resume he needs to ask himself this question and write it. "C,C++,JAVA" is something the 100 people who have applied for the job with you already know. What different do your know? Answer: I know it better!! Obviously one must mention his/her proficiency in them based on which he could get selected. Besides, presenting this in a different manner could be great as well. e.g listing a link for a JAVA based project.

• Mentioning achievements in academics or co-curricular in college. (Relevant to the position can be a plus)

When a fresher, you don't really have much to mention in your resume in terms of experience. Achievements at school or colleges could really count here. Achievements surely need to be recent. Something you achieved in high school may not really be your interest now. A participation in a Programming competition or any technical activities could really mean a lot. Besides, participating in online communities discussion forums, Technical blogs could also be a plus and would surely make your resume look different.

• Position for Academic qualifications and Marks

A good enough grade/marks/percentage should always be mentioned on the 1st page no doubt. But, when you know your marks could make your resume look bad its wise to hide in a way that it doesn't look too bad. e.g instead of mentioning 48% i would just say 2nd class grade. Does that sound really bad? Next, if the marks are not competitive enough post it to the next page. Let it not be the reason for not being shortlisted if you have good enough skills/qualities.

• Dirty and Negatively catchy fonts and unnecessary bold tags.

May be this should have been the 1st point. A resume that is not wisely made and doesn't look neat isn't something that will get much of an attention in terms of selection, although it may become a matter of example for Dont's of a resume. Wise selection of fonts is surely a must. Some of the resume were seen with Comic Sans and were seriously Comic ones too. When you don't know what to choose, i would recommend a KISS (Keep it short and simple) Times New Roman is fine if you don't want to be too choosy.

• Certifications, images on right place.

I have seen people with certifications add an image of the company which as well looks good and counts for sure. e.g the OCJP certified candidates have the Oracle image on the resume, but make sure you position it correctly. Placing it in some corner of the resume will only make it look bad or dirty. Either have it at the top corner of your resume or have it next to the mentioned certification. Don't make the image look like the only good thing of your resume, cos some people practice making the logo the header or the footer of the resume making it appear on every page of the resume, which i don't think is a good practice. Although this statement of mine may need an expert clarification.

Git versioning system, How to use Git?

Some rights reserved by Sean MacEntee

Git

Its been months i used Git. I thought i should write about it. Probably because i shouldn't forget what is it all about... :P.
Git is a software version control and source code management(SCM) system developed by Linus Torvalds. What is version controlling? Every software has versions in it. How could you possibly keep all the versions in the same system and develop, modify, test and use all of them together is done by version controlling. And Git helps in achieving this (I could be wrong...this is just my understanding of Git...) So how does it work. Git works on a tree based structure where the developers can branch their codes in and make versions or builds accordingly.

For instance consider a repository which has a master node. The master node will contain all the actual code of a particular software. The participants or developers here are not all reliable so the project manager explain them the requirements and asks them to do whichever module they want as per their choice and add a branch to the main tree. Say there are 3 developers Tom, Dik and Harry. All of them plan to do the same module. The Project Manager(PM) evaluated the code after all three of them were done with the module. They all are supposed to push their code to their respective branch. Unless and until the PM evaluates the code they cant commit the code to their respective branches. Till then a push is fine. While committing you need to add certain details as to why are you committing or whats the change in it, etc. The commit can be done only after review has been done. Tom, Dik and Harry here will have their own versions of software that's downloaded locally by each one of them. If their are any changes in the master branch you can >git pull and get only those changes that don't match with your current local repository and check the changes accordingly. The changes if any to any of the file are informed file by file and line by line. So the developers are automatically updated of where the code was changed. > git add . will add all the local changes to the git repository. you are allowed to add only specific files.
After committing an add with a > git commit you have to add a flag -m and specify what changes you did etc. Changes can be uploaded to the server with a > git push. Accordingly Tom , Dik and Harry can do a > git pull and repeat the procedure. Check for other functionality on Git's website. There are many more cool features as well.

JIRA issue tracking.How to use JIRA?

Some rights reserved by Yuko Honda

JIRA

Those who are new to JIRA start reading from "What is JIRA?"

I have been learning Administration of JIRA lately after using it for more than 4 - 5 months as a user, after i believed that now i got to know it to the best of my knowledge. Thanks to Atlassians!!! they came up with a free trail for 30 days. Not only did i use it to learn JIRA administration but also i passed it to my friends who were new to it and wanted to know and understand JIRA at least at a user level. Here's my JIRA Atlassian account by the way https://roshannagekar.atlassian.net (if you access it after Feb 2013 i might have deleted it as well cause my free trial would be over by then.... :P.

What is JIRA?

So whats is JIRA was the 1st question that came to my mind. As a typical Indian would think its one of the spices we use in the curry's here... :D. Well this is not the one.  JIRA is a proprietary issue tracking system developed by Atlassian commonly used for bug tracking, issue tracking and Project Management. Many companies use it and i feel its the best tool used for communication between any teams in any organization.
To learn JIRA administration go to Atlassian's website they provide a free 10 users based JIRA hosted by them, not only that they also send you tutorials for how you could be a Pro JIRA user. They call it JIRA ninja black belt (both at user and administrator level) thankfully i completed that easily.

Their are some other products that come along with it integrated called Bonfire, Confluence, Crucible, GreenHopper, Bamboo, FishEye and Crowd. which i didn't use as of now.

JIRA is used for communication between the development, testing, analyst, and the client team as well. e.g. in Agile methodology and Practices, when developers post a particular build for the testers test. The testers would file issues on JIRA accordingly the developers will verify it immediately if that's an issue. An analyst or any one else from the team as well can confirm it and accordingly developers can work on it. Issues can be closed or reopened based on if solved or still been reproduced. Issues can be assigned priorities based on how severe the issue is and how early it needs to be solved. The management can even post suggestions on how to solve a particular issue.
Issues can be assigned to a particular person or team for him to look over it. A graph or chart can be generated based on how many issues are assigned to you and how many are open or closed. A pie diagram can be generated to check which issues have priority. Also queries can be fired to generate reports on specific project to find a specific filtered issue. Thus JIRA solves many problems of communication in an Agile atmosphere. Earlier many companies used Excel sheet for this purpose which was a headache for sure.

Thanks to JIRA!!

Google Analytics. How to use Google Analytics?

Some rights reserved by Search Engine People

Google Analytics

I recently used Google Analytics in one of my Projects for testing purpose, and boy!!! i was so impressed. I never know Analytics could be this strong and could yield this result. I thought i should share my experience, not only this i could relate my (whatever little) knowledge of Big Data to each and every report i generated. I was initially confused on how to use it for the project. I was unable to understand what was the client really interested in after reading the JIRA issue. So i implemented the Google Analytics (GA) code onto my personal blog. I purposely posted my blog links on my gtalk account in order to temporarily increase the number of visitors to my blog. And then i kept track of the visitors. Within a day or so i kind of understood how it's used and what you could do with it.

Of Course Wikipedia always helps as well.

GA is Google offered web tool to keep a track of visitors to your website. This way you can keep a watch on what your customers really look for, you can accordingly increase your sales rate. Later i also gotta know that this can also be used as a SEO(search engine optimization tool) Its a must know tool for any Business Development person in any organization most probably a startup organization. The basic service for GA is available free of cost. The premium user although is charged i believe(although Wikipedia says its free i dint try it!!!)

GA also tracks all referrers e.g Search Engines, Pay-per-click ads etc.

This is what happens and how it works. I will discuss how i kept track of my site(the one your are a visitor currently to)!!

1. You 1st need to have a Google account to access GA
2. Now you need to generate a code from your GA account that needs to be pasted in your website HTML code so that you can keep a track of it.
3. You can generate and paste the code to as many pages you want and keep a track of all of them.
4. You can keep a track at real time using the real time option on GA
5. You can also generate a report using the Custom Report Generation tab
6. This report can then be sent to as many people you want.
7. The report can be generated based on any criteria e.g devices used to access the website, location of the visitor, browser used, Operating system used and many more.
8. You can also generate a Graph based on reports generated in the same report
10. You can select the duration of which you would want the report for.
11. Real time report generation however is not possible for some reason, However real time tracking can be done, which is fair enough
12. Google Analytics is used by many organizations to keep a track of visitors and their interests in order to increase their business

Must for all, not only startups but also for individuals like me who want to know their blog visitors.... ;)

How to get a Flow of a Simple C program

Some rights reserved by Hillary

command for generation of preprocessed code which will have the included 
files in the code as well as the code that we have written
gcc -E test.c > test.pp

object code post compilation that we always do.
gcc test.c test2.c -o test.o


the assembly dump of the code generated.
objdump -d test.o

test.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>





double add(int,int);



int main()

{

 printf("%f\n", add(1,2));

 return 0;

}

 

test.pp

# 1 "test.c"

# 1 "<built-in>"

# 1 "<command-line>"

# 1 "test.c"

# 1 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4

# 28 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/features.h" 1 3 4

# 322 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/predefs.h" 1 3 4

# 323 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4

# 355 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4

# 353 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 354 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4

# 356 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4

# 387 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 1 3 4







# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 5 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4





# 1 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs-32.h" 1 3 4

# 8 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4

# 388 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4

# 29 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4











# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4

# 211 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 3 4

typedef unsigned int size_t;

# 35 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4



# 1 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 1 3 4

# 28 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 29 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4





typedef unsigned char __u_char;

typedef unsigned short int __u_short;

typedef unsigned int __u_int;

typedef unsigned long int __u_long;





typedef signed char __int8_t;

typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;

typedef signed short int __int16_t;

typedef unsigned short int __uint16_t;

typedef signed int __int32_t;

typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;









__extension__ typedef signed long long int __int64_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned long long int __uint64_t;















__extension__ typedef long long int __quad_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned long long int __u_quad_t;

# 131 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/typesizes.h" 1 3 4

# 132 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4





__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __dev_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __uid_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __gid_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __ino_t;

__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __ino64_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __mode_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __nlink_t;

__extension__ typedef long int __off_t;

__extension__ typedef __quad_t __off64_t;

__extension__ typedef int __pid_t;

__extension__ typedef struct { int __val[2]; } __fsid_t;

__extension__ typedef long int __clock_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __rlim_t;

__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __rlim64_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __id_t;

__extension__ typedef long int __time_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __useconds_t;

__extension__ typedef long int __suseconds_t;



__extension__ typedef int __daddr_t;

__extension__ typedef long int __swblk_t;

__extension__ typedef int __key_t;





__extension__ typedef int __clockid_t;





__extension__ typedef void * __timer_t;





__extension__ typedef long int __blksize_t;









__extension__ typedef long int __blkcnt_t;

__extension__ typedef __quad_t __blkcnt64_t;





__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt_t;

__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __fsblkcnt64_t;





__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt_t;

__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __fsfilcnt64_t;



__extension__ typedef int __ssize_t;







typedef __off64_t __loff_t;

typedef __quad_t *__qaddr_t;

typedef char *__caddr_t;





__extension__ typedef int __intptr_t;





__extension__ typedef unsigned int __socklen_t;

# 37 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 45 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

struct _IO_FILE;







typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;











# 65 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

typedef struct _IO_FILE __FILE;

# 75 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/libio.h" 1 3 4

# 32 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 1 3 4

# 15 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4

# 16 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4









# 1 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 1 3 4

# 83 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 3 4

typedef struct

{

  int __count;

  union

  {



    unsigned int __wch;







    char __wchb[4];

  } __value;

} __mbstate_t;

# 21 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4



typedef struct

{

  __off_t __pos;

  __mbstate_t __state;

} _G_fpos_t;

typedef struct

{

  __off64_t __pos;

  __mbstate_t __state;

} _G_fpos64_t;

# 53 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4

typedef int _G_int16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));

typedef int _G_int32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));

typedef unsigned int _G_uint16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));

typedef unsigned int _G_uint32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));

# 33 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4

# 53 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stdarg.h" 1 3 4

# 40 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stdarg.h" 3 4

typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;

# 54 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4

# 170 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

struct _IO_jump_t; struct _IO_FILE;

# 180 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

typedef void _IO_lock_t;











struct _IO_marker {

  struct _IO_marker *_next;

  struct _IO_FILE *_sbuf;







  int _pos;

# 203 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

};





enum __codecvt_result

{

  __codecvt_ok,

  __codecvt_partial,

  __codecvt_error,

  __codecvt_noconv

};

# 271 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

struct _IO_FILE {

  int _flags;









  char* _IO_read_ptr;

  char* _IO_read_end;

  char* _IO_read_base;

  char* _IO_write_base;

  char* _IO_write_ptr;

  char* _IO_write_end;

  char* _IO_buf_base;

  char* _IO_buf_end;



  char *_IO_save_base;

  char *_IO_backup_base;

  char *_IO_save_end;



  struct _IO_marker *_markers;



  struct _IO_FILE *_chain;



  int _fileno;







  int _flags2;



  __off_t _old_offset;







  unsigned short _cur_column;

  signed char _vtable_offset;

  char _shortbuf[1];







  _IO_lock_t *_lock;

# 319 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

  __off64_t _offset;

# 328 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

  void *__pad1;

  void *__pad2;

  void *__pad3;

  void *__pad4;

  size_t __pad5;



  int _mode;



  char _unused2[15 * sizeof (int) - 4 * sizeof (void *) - sizeof (size_t)];



};





typedef struct _IO_FILE _IO_FILE;





struct _IO_FILE_plus;



extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stdin_;

extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stdout_;

extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stderr_;

# 364 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

typedef __ssize_t __io_read_fn (void *__cookie, char *__buf, size_t __nbytes);















typedef __ssize_t __io_write_fn (void *__cookie, __const char *__buf,

     size_t __n);















typedef int __io_seek_fn (void *__cookie, __off64_t *__pos, int __w);





typedef int __io_close_fn (void *__cookie);

# 416 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

extern int __underflow (_IO_FILE *);

extern int __uflow (_IO_FILE *);

extern int __overflow (_IO_FILE *, int);

# 460 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

extern int _IO_getc (_IO_FILE *__fp);

extern int _IO_putc (int __c, _IO_FILE *__fp);

extern int _IO_feof (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern int _IO_ferror (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern int _IO_peekc_locked (_IO_FILE *__fp);











extern void _IO_flockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern void _IO_funlockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern int _IO_ftrylockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 490 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

extern int _IO_vfscanf (_IO_FILE * __restrict, const char * __restrict,

   __gnuc_va_list, int *__restrict);

extern int _IO_vfprintf (_IO_FILE *__restrict, const char *__restrict,

    __gnuc_va_list);

extern __ssize_t _IO_padn (_IO_FILE *, int, __ssize_t);

extern size_t _IO_sgetn (_IO_FILE *, void *, size_t);



extern __off64_t _IO_seekoff (_IO_FILE *, __off64_t, int, int);

extern __off64_t _IO_seekpos (_IO_FILE *, __off64_t, int);



extern void _IO_free_backup_area (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 76 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4









typedef __gnuc_va_list va_list;

# 91 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

typedef __off_t off_t;

# 103 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

typedef __ssize_t ssize_t;















typedef _G_fpos_t fpos_t;









# 161 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/stdio_lim.h" 1 3 4

# 162 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4







extern struct _IO_FILE *stdin;

extern struct _IO_FILE *stdout;

extern struct _IO_FILE *stderr;















extern int remove (__const char *__filename) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern int rename (__const char *__old, __const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));









extern int renameat (int __oldfd, __const char *__old, int __newfd,

       __const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

















extern FILE *tmpfile (void) ;

# 206 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern char *tmpnam (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;











extern char *tmpnam_r (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;

# 224 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern char *tempnam (__const char *__dir, __const char *__pfx)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) ;

















extern int fclose (FILE *__stream);









extern int fflush (FILE *__stream);



# 249 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fflush_unlocked (FILE *__stream);

# 263 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4













extern FILE *fopen (__const char *__restrict __filename,

      __const char *__restrict __modes) ;









extern FILE *freopen (__const char *__restrict __filename,

        __const char *__restrict __modes,

        FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

# 292 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4



# 303 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern FILE *fdopen (int __fd, __const char *__modes) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;

# 316 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern FILE *fmemopen (void *__s, size_t __len, __const char *__modes)

  __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;









extern FILE *open_memstream (char **__bufloc, size_t *__sizeloc) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;













extern void setbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));







extern int setvbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,

      int __modes, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));











extern void setbuffer (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,

         size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));





extern void setlinebuf (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

















extern int fprintf (FILE *__restrict __stream,

      __const char *__restrict __format, ...);









extern int printf (__const char *__restrict __format, ...);



extern int sprintf (char *__restrict __s,

      __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));











extern int vfprintf (FILE *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format,

       __gnuc_va_list __arg);









extern int vprintf (__const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg);



extern int vsprintf (char *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format,

       __gnuc_va_list __arg) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));











extern int snprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,

       __const char *__restrict __format, ...)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)));



extern int vsnprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,

        __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)));



# 414 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int vdprintf (int __fd, __const char *__restrict __fmt,

       __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)));

extern int dprintf (int __fd, __const char *__restrict __fmt, ...)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)));

















extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream,

     __const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;









extern int scanf (__const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;



extern int sscanf (__const char *__restrict __s,

     __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 445 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream, __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_fscanf") ;





extern int scanf (__const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_scanf") ;



extern int sscanf (__const char *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_sscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 465 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

















extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format,

      __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ;











extern int vscanf (__const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;





extern int vsscanf (__const char *__restrict __s,

      __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));

# 496 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vfscanf")







     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ;

extern int vscanf (__const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vscanf")



     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;

extern int vsscanf (__const char *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vsscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__))







     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));

# 524 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4



















extern int fgetc (FILE *__stream);

extern int getc (FILE *__stream);











extern int getchar (void);



# 552 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int getc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);

extern int getchar_unlocked (void);

# 563 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);























extern int fputc (int __c, FILE *__stream);

extern int putc (int __c, FILE *__stream);











extern int putchar (int __c);



# 596 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fputc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);















extern int putc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);

extern int putchar_unlocked (int __c);













extern int getw (FILE *__stream);





extern int putw (int __w, FILE *__stream);

















extern char *fgets (char *__restrict __s, int __n, FILE *__restrict __stream)

     ;













extern char *gets (char *__s) ;



# 658 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern __ssize_t __getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,

          size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,

          FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

extern __ssize_t getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,

        size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,

        FILE *__restrict __stream) ;















extern __ssize_t getline (char **__restrict __lineptr,

       size_t *__restrict __n,

       FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

















extern int fputs (__const char *__restrict __s, FILE *__restrict __stream);











extern int puts (__const char *__s);













extern int ungetc (int __c, FILE *__stream);













extern size_t fread (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

       size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;









extern size_t fwrite (__const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

        size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __s);



# 730 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern size_t fread_unlocked (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

         size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

extern size_t fwrite_unlocked (__const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

          size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream);

















extern int fseek (FILE *__stream, long int __off, int __whence);









extern long int ftell (FILE *__stream) ;









extern void rewind (FILE *__stream);



# 766 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fseeko (FILE *__stream, __off_t __off, int __whence);









extern __off_t ftello (FILE *__stream) ;

# 785 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4













extern int fgetpos (FILE *__restrict __stream, fpos_t *__restrict __pos);









extern int fsetpos (FILE *__stream, __const fpos_t *__pos);

# 808 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4



# 817 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4





extern void clearerr (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern int feof (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;



extern int ferror (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;









extern void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern int feof_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;

extern int ferror_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;

















extern void perror (__const char *__s);













# 1 "/usr/include/bits/sys_errlist.h" 1 3 4

# 27 "/usr/include/bits/sys_errlist.h" 3 4

extern int sys_nerr;

extern __const char *__const sys_errlist[];

# 847 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4









extern int fileno (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;









extern int fileno_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;

# 866 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern FILE *popen (__const char *__command, __const char *__modes) ;











extern int pclose (FILE *__stream);











extern char *ctermid (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 906 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern void flockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));







extern int ftrylockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;





extern void funlockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 936 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4



# 2 "test.c" 2

# 1 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 1 3 4

# 33 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4

# 323 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 3 4

typedef int wchar_t;

# 34 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 2 3 4

















# 1 "/usr/include/bits/waitflags.h" 1 3 4

# 43 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/waitstatus.h" 1 3 4

# 65 "/usr/include/bits/waitstatus.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/endian.h" 1 3 4

# 37 "/usr/include/endian.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/endian.h" 1 3 4

# 38 "/usr/include/endian.h" 2 3 4

# 61 "/usr/include/endian.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/byteswap.h" 1 3 4

# 28 "/usr/include/bits/byteswap.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 29 "/usr/include/bits/byteswap.h" 2 3 4

# 62 "/usr/include/endian.h" 2 3 4

# 66 "/usr/include/bits/waitstatus.h" 2 3 4



union wait

  {

    int w_status;

    struct

      {



 unsigned int __w_termsig:7;

 unsigned int __w_coredump:1;

 unsigned int __w_retcode:8;

 unsigned int:16;















      } __wait_terminated;

    struct

      {



 unsigned int __w_stopval:8;

 unsigned int __w_stopsig:8;

 unsigned int:16;













      } __wait_stopped;

  };

# 44 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 2 3 4

# 68 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

typedef union

  {

    union wait *__uptr;

    int *__iptr;

  } __WAIT_STATUS __attribute__ ((__transparent_union__));

# 96 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4





typedef struct

  {

    int quot;

    int rem;

  } div_t;







typedef struct

  {

    long int quot;

    long int rem;

  } ldiv_t;















__extension__ typedef struct

  {

    long long int quot;

    long long int rem;

  } lldiv_t;





# 140 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern size_t __ctype_get_mb_cur_max (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;









extern double atof (__const char *__nptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__pure__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



extern int atoi (__const char *__nptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__pure__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



extern long int atol (__const char *__nptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__pure__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











__extension__ extern long long int atoll (__const char *__nptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__pure__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











extern double strtod (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

        char **__restrict __endptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











extern float strtof (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

       char **__restrict __endptr) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



extern long double strtold (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

       char **__restrict __endptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











extern long int strtol (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

   char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



extern unsigned long int strtoul (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

      char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;









__extension__

extern long long int strtoq (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

        char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



__extension__

extern unsigned long long int strtouq (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

           char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











__extension__

extern long long int strtoll (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

         char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



__extension__

extern unsigned long long int strtoull (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

     char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



# 311 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern char *l64a (long int __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;





extern long int a64l (__const char *__s)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__pure__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;









# 1 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 1 3 4

# 28 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4













typedef __u_char u_char;

typedef __u_short u_short;

typedef __u_int u_int;

typedef __u_long u_long;

typedef __quad_t quad_t;

typedef __u_quad_t u_quad_t;

typedef __fsid_t fsid_t;









typedef __loff_t loff_t;







typedef __ino_t ino_t;

# 61 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

typedef __dev_t dev_t;









typedef __gid_t gid_t;









typedef __mode_t mode_t;









typedef __nlink_t nlink_t;









typedef __uid_t uid_t;

# 99 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

typedef __pid_t pid_t;











typedef __id_t id_t;

# 116 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

typedef __daddr_t daddr_t;

typedef __caddr_t caddr_t;











typedef __key_t key_t;

# 133 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/time.h" 1 3 4

# 58 "/usr/include/time.h" 3 4





typedef __clock_t clock_t;







# 74 "/usr/include/time.h" 3 4





typedef __time_t time_t;







# 92 "/usr/include/time.h" 3 4

typedef __clockid_t clockid_t;

# 104 "/usr/include/time.h" 3 4

typedef __timer_t timer_t;

# 134 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 2 3 4

# 147 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4

# 148 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 2 3 4







typedef unsigned long int ulong;

typedef unsigned short int ushort;

typedef unsigned int uint;

# 195 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

typedef int int8_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__QI__)));

typedef int int16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));

typedef int int32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));

typedef int int64_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__DI__)));





typedef unsigned int u_int8_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__QI__)));

typedef unsigned int u_int16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));

typedef unsigned int u_int32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));

typedef unsigned int u_int64_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__DI__)));



typedef int register_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__word__)));

# 220 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 1 3 4

# 31 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/select.h" 1 3 4

# 23 "/usr/include/bits/select.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 24 "/usr/include/bits/select.h" 2 3 4

# 32 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 2 3 4





# 1 "/usr/include/bits/sigset.h" 1 3 4

# 24 "/usr/include/bits/sigset.h" 3 4

typedef int __sig_atomic_t;









typedef struct

  {

    unsigned long int __val[(1024 / (8 * sizeof (unsigned long int)))];

  } __sigset_t;

# 35 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 2 3 4







typedef __sigset_t sigset_t;











# 1 "/usr/include/time.h" 1 3 4

# 120 "/usr/include/time.h" 3 4

struct timespec

  {

    __time_t tv_sec;

    long int tv_nsec;

  };

# 45 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 2 3 4



# 1 "/usr/include/bits/time.h" 1 3 4

# 75 "/usr/include/bits/time.h" 3 4

struct timeval

  {

    __time_t tv_sec;

    __suseconds_t tv_usec;

  };

# 47 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 2 3 4





typedef __suseconds_t suseconds_t;











typedef long int __fd_mask;

# 67 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 3 4

typedef struct

  {













    __fd_mask __fds_bits[1024 / (8 * (int) sizeof (__fd_mask))];





  } fd_set;













typedef __fd_mask fd_mask;

# 99 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 3 4



# 109 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 3 4

extern int select (int __nfds, fd_set *__restrict __readfds,

     fd_set *__restrict __writefds,

     fd_set *__restrict __exceptfds,

     struct timeval *__restrict __timeout);

# 121 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 3 4

extern int pselect (int __nfds, fd_set *__restrict __readfds,

      fd_set *__restrict __writefds,

      fd_set *__restrict __exceptfds,

      const struct timespec *__restrict __timeout,

      const __sigset_t *__restrict __sigmask);







# 221 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 2 3 4





# 1 "/usr/include/sys/sysmacros.h" 1 3 4

# 30 "/usr/include/sys/sysmacros.h" 3 4

__extension__

extern unsigned int gnu_dev_major (unsigned long long int __dev)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

__extension__

extern unsigned int gnu_dev_minor (unsigned long long int __dev)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

__extension__

extern unsigned long long int gnu_dev_makedev (unsigned int __major,

            unsigned int __minor)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 224 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 2 3 4











typedef __blksize_t blksize_t;













typedef __blkcnt_t blkcnt_t;







typedef __fsblkcnt_t fsblkcnt_t;







typedef __fsfilcnt_t fsfilcnt_t;

# 271 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 1 3 4

# 23 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 24 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 2 3 4

# 50 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 3 4

typedef unsigned long int pthread_t;





typedef union

{

  char __size[36];

  long int __align;

} pthread_attr_t;

# 67 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 3 4

typedef struct __pthread_internal_slist

{

  struct __pthread_internal_slist *__next;

} __pthread_slist_t;











typedef union

{

  struct __pthread_mutex_s

  {

    int __lock;

    unsigned int __count;

    int __owner;











    int __kind;











    unsigned int __nusers;

    __extension__ union

    {

      int __spins;

      __pthread_slist_t __list;

    };



  } __data;

  char __size[24];

  long int __align;

} pthread_mutex_t;



typedef union

{

  char __size[4];

  int __align;

} pthread_mutexattr_t;









typedef union

{

  struct

  {

    int __lock;

    unsigned int __futex;

    __extension__ unsigned long long int __total_seq;

    __extension__ unsigned long long int __wakeup_seq;

    __extension__ unsigned long long int __woken_seq;

    void *__mutex;

    unsigned int __nwaiters;

    unsigned int __broadcast_seq;

  } __data;

  char __size[48];

  __extension__ long long int __align;

} pthread_cond_t;



typedef union

{

  char __size[4];

  int __align;

} pthread_condattr_t;







typedef unsigned int pthread_key_t;







typedef int pthread_once_t;











typedef union

{

# 170 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 3 4

  struct

  {

    int __lock;

    unsigned int __nr_readers;

    unsigned int __readers_wakeup;

    unsigned int __writer_wakeup;

    unsigned int __nr_readers_queued;

    unsigned int __nr_writers_queued;





    unsigned char __flags;

    unsigned char __shared;

    unsigned char __pad1;

    unsigned char __pad2;

    int __writer;

  } __data;



  char __size[32];

  long int __align;

} pthread_rwlock_t;



typedef union

{

  char __size[8];

  long int __align;

} pthread_rwlockattr_t;











typedef volatile int pthread_spinlock_t;









typedef union

{

  char __size[20];

  long int __align;

} pthread_barrier_t;



typedef union

{

  char __size[4];

  int __align;

} pthread_barrierattr_t;

# 272 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 2 3 4







# 321 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 2 3 4













extern long int random (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));





extern void srandom (unsigned int __seed) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));











extern char *initstate (unsigned int __seed, char *__statebuf,

   size_t __statelen) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));







extern char *setstate (char *__statebuf) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));















struct random_data

  {

    int32_t *fptr;

    int32_t *rptr;

    int32_t *state;

    int rand_type;

    int rand_deg;

    int rand_sep;

    int32_t *end_ptr;

  };



extern int random_r (struct random_data *__restrict __buf,

       int32_t *__restrict __result) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));



extern int srandom_r (unsigned int __seed, struct random_data *__buf)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));



extern int initstate_r (unsigned int __seed, char *__restrict __statebuf,

   size_t __statelen,

   struct random_data *__restrict __buf)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2, 4)));



extern int setstate_r (char *__restrict __statebuf,

         struct random_data *__restrict __buf)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));













extern int rand (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern void srand (unsigned int __seed) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));









extern int rand_r (unsigned int *__seed) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));















extern double drand48 (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern double erand48 (unsigned short int __xsubi[3]) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));





extern long int lrand48 (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern long int nrand48 (unsigned short int __xsubi[3])

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));





extern long int mrand48 (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern long int jrand48 (unsigned short int __xsubi[3])

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));





extern void srand48 (long int __seedval) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern unsigned short int *seed48 (unsigned short int __seed16v[3])

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));

extern void lcong48 (unsigned short int __param[7]) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));











struct drand48_data

  {

    unsigned short int __x[3];

    unsigned short int __old_x[3];

    unsigned short int __c;

    unsigned short int __init;

    unsigned long long int __a;

  };





extern int drand48_r (struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        double *__restrict __result) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));

extern int erand48_r (unsigned short int __xsubi[3],

        struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        double *__restrict __result) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));





extern int lrand48_r (struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        long int *__restrict __result)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));

extern int nrand48_r (unsigned short int __xsubi[3],

        struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        long int *__restrict __result)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));





extern int mrand48_r (struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        long int *__restrict __result)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));

extern int jrand48_r (unsigned short int __xsubi[3],

        struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        long int *__restrict __result)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));





extern int srand48_r (long int __seedval, struct drand48_data *__buffer)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));



extern int seed48_r (unsigned short int __seed16v[3],

       struct drand48_data *__buffer) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));



extern int lcong48_r (unsigned short int __param[7],

        struct drand48_data *__buffer)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));



















extern void *malloc (size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) ;



extern void *calloc (size_t __nmemb, size_t __size)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) ;





















extern void *realloc (void *__ptr, size_t __size)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__warn_unused_result__));



extern void free (void *__ptr) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));









extern void cfree (void *__ptr) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));







# 1 "/usr/include/alloca.h" 1 3 4

# 25 "/usr/include/alloca.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4

# 26 "/usr/include/alloca.h" 2 3 4















extern void *alloca (size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));













# 498 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 2 3 4











extern void *valloc (size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) ;









extern int posix_memalign (void **__memptr, size_t __alignment, size_t __size)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;









extern void abort (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__noreturn__));







extern int atexit (void (*__func) (void)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));

# 531 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4











extern int on_exit (void (*__func) (int __status, void *__arg), void *__arg)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));













extern void exit (int __status) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__noreturn__));

# 554 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4













extern void _Exit (int __status) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__noreturn__));













extern char *getenv (__const char *__name) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;









extern char *__secure_getenv (__const char *__name)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











extern int putenv (char *__string) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));











extern int setenv (__const char *__name, __const char *__value, int __replace)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));





extern int unsetenv (__const char *__name) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));













extern int clearenv (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 606 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern char *mktemp (char *__template) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;

# 620 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern int mkstemp (char *__template) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;

# 642 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern int mkstemps (char *__template, int __suffixlen) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;

# 663 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern char *mkdtemp (char *__template) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;

# 712 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4











extern int system (__const char *__command) ;



# 734 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern char *realpath (__const char *__restrict __name,

         char *__restrict __resolved) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;













typedef int (*__compar_fn_t) (__const void *, __const void *);

# 752 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4







extern void *bsearch (__const void *__key, __const void *__base,

        size_t __nmemb, size_t __size, __compar_fn_t __compar)

     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2, 5))) ;







extern void qsort (void *__base, size_t __nmemb, size_t __size,

     __compar_fn_t __compar) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 4)));

# 771 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern int abs (int __x) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;

extern long int labs (long int __x) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;







__extension__ extern long long int llabs (long long int __x)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;















extern div_t div (int __numer, int __denom)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;

extern ldiv_t ldiv (long int __numer, long int __denom)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;









__extension__ extern lldiv_t lldiv (long long int __numer,

        long long int __denom)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;



# 808 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern char *ecvt (double __value, int __ndigit, int *__restrict __decpt,

     int *__restrict __sign) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4))) ;









extern char *fcvt (double __value, int __ndigit, int *__restrict __decpt,

     int *__restrict __sign) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4))) ;









extern char *gcvt (double __value, int __ndigit, char *__buf)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3))) ;









extern char *qecvt (long double __value, int __ndigit,

      int *__restrict __decpt, int *__restrict __sign)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4))) ;

extern char *qfcvt (long double __value, int __ndigit,

      int *__restrict __decpt, int *__restrict __sign)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4))) ;

extern char *qgcvt (long double __value, int __ndigit, char *__buf)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3))) ;









extern int ecvt_r (double __value, int __ndigit, int *__restrict __decpt,

     int *__restrict __sign, char *__restrict __buf,

     size_t __len) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4, 5)));

extern int fcvt_r (double __value, int __ndigit, int *__restrict __decpt,

     int *__restrict __sign, char *__restrict __buf,

     size_t __len) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4, 5)));



extern int qecvt_r (long double __value, int __ndigit,

      int *__restrict __decpt, int *__restrict __sign,

      char *__restrict __buf, size_t __len)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4, 5)));

extern int qfcvt_r (long double __value, int __ndigit,

      int *__restrict __decpt, int *__restrict __sign,

      char *__restrict __buf, size_t __len)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4, 5)));















extern int mblen (__const char *__s, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;





extern int mbtowc (wchar_t *__restrict __pwc,

     __const char *__restrict __s, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;





extern int wctomb (char *__s, wchar_t __wchar) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;







extern size_t mbstowcs (wchar_t *__restrict __pwcs,

   __const char *__restrict __s, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern size_t wcstombs (char *__restrict __s,

   __const wchar_t *__restrict __pwcs, size_t __n)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

















extern int rpmatch (__const char *__response) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;

# 896 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern int getsubopt (char **__restrict __optionp,

        char *__const *__restrict __tokens,

        char **__restrict __valuep)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2, 3))) ;

# 948 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern int getloadavg (double __loadavg[], int __nelem)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));

# 964 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4



# 3 "test.c" 2





double add(int,int);



int main()

{

 printf("%f\n", add(1,2));

 return 0;

}

test2.c

#include <stdio.h>



double add(int a, int b)

{

    printf("%f\n", (double)(a + b));

    return a + b;

}

 

here is the assembly dump

test.o:     file format elf32-i386





Disassembly of section .init:



08048294 <_init>:

 8048294: 55                    push   %ebp

 8048295: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 8048297: 53                    push   %ebx

 8048298: 83 ec 04              sub    $0x4,%esp

 804829b: e8 00 00 00 00        call   80482a0 <_init+0xc>

 80482a0: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80482a1: 81 c3 54 1d 00 00     add    $0x1d54,%ebx

 80482a7: 8b 93 fc ff ff ff     mov    -0x4(%ebx),%edx

 80482ad: 85 d2                 test   %edx,%edx

 80482af: 74 05                 je     80482b6 <_init+0x22>

 80482b1: e8 1e 00 00 00        call   80482d4 <__gmon_start__@plt>

 80482b6: e8 e5 00 00 00        call   80483a0 <frame_dummy>

 80482bb: e8 f0 01 00 00        call   80484b0 <__do_global_ctors_aux>

 80482c0: 58                    pop    %eax

 80482c1: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80482c2: c9                    leave  

 80482c3: c3                    ret    



Disassembly of section .plt:



080482c4 <__gmon_start__@plt-0x10>:

 80482c4: ff 35 f8 9f 04 08     pushl  0x8049ff8

 80482ca: ff 25 fc 9f 04 08     jmp    *0x8049ffc

 80482d0: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)

 ...



080482d4 <__gmon_start__@plt>:

 80482d4: ff 25 00 a0 04 08     jmp    *0x804a000

 80482da: 68 00 00 00 00        push   $0x0

 80482df: e9 e0 ff ff ff        jmp    80482c4 <_init+0x30>



080482e4 <__libc_start_main@plt>:

 80482e4: ff 25 04 a0 04 08     jmp    *0x804a004

 80482ea: 68 08 00 00 00        push   $0x8

 80482ef: e9 d0 ff ff ff        jmp    80482c4 <_init+0x30>



080482f4 <printf@plt>:

 80482f4: ff 25 08 a0 04 08     jmp    *0x804a008

 80482fa: 68 10 00 00 00        push   $0x10

 80482ff: e9 c0 ff ff ff        jmp    80482c4 <_init+0x30>



Disassembly of section .text:



08048310 <_start>:

 8048310: 31 ed                 xor    %ebp,%ebp

 8048312: 5e                    pop    %esi

 8048313: 89 e1                 mov    %esp,%ecx

 8048315: 83 e4 f0              and    $0xfffffff0,%esp

 8048318: 50                    push   %eax

 8048319: 54                    push   %esp

 804831a: 52                    push   %edx

 804831b: 68 40 84 04 08        push   $0x8048440

 8048320: 68 50 84 04 08        push   $0x8048450

 8048325: 51                    push   %ecx

 8048326: 56                    push   %esi

 8048327: 68 c4 83 04 08        push   $0x80483c4

 804832c: e8 b3 ff ff ff        call   80482e4 <__libc_start_main@plt>

 8048331: f4                    hlt    

 8048332: 90                    nop

 8048333: 90                    nop

 8048334: 90                    nop

 8048335: 90                    nop

 8048336: 90                    nop

 8048337: 90                    nop

 8048338: 90                    nop

 8048339: 90                    nop

 804833a: 90                    nop

 804833b: 90                    nop

 804833c: 90                    nop

 804833d: 90                    nop

 804833e: 90                    nop

 804833f: 90                    nop



08048340 <__do_global_dtors_aux>:

 8048340: 55                    push   %ebp

 8048341: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 8048343: 53                    push   %ebx

 8048344: 83 ec 04              sub    $0x4,%esp

 8048347: 80 3d 14 a0 04 08 00  cmpb   $0x0,0x804a014

 804834e: 75 3f                 jne    804838f <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x4f>

 8048350: a1 18 a0 04 08        mov    0x804a018,%eax

 8048355: bb 20 9f 04 08        mov    $0x8049f20,%ebx

 804835a: 81 eb 1c 9f 04 08     sub    $0x8049f1c,%ebx

 8048360: c1 fb 02              sar    $0x2,%ebx

 8048363: 83 eb 01              sub    $0x1,%ebx

 8048366: 39 d8                 cmp    %ebx,%eax

 8048368: 73 1e                 jae    8048388 <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x48>

 804836a: 8d b6 00 00 00 00     lea    0x0(%esi),%esi

 8048370: 83 c0 01              add    $0x1,%eax

 8048373: a3 18 a0 04 08        mov    %eax,0x804a018

 8048378: ff 14 85 1c 9f 04 08  call   *0x8049f1c(,%eax,4)

 804837f: a1 18 a0 04 08        mov    0x804a018,%eax

 8048384: 39 d8                 cmp    %ebx,%eax

 8048386: 72 e8                 jb     8048370 <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x30>

 8048388: c6 05 14 a0 04 08 01  movb   $0x1,0x804a014

 804838f: 83 c4 04              add    $0x4,%esp

 8048392: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 8048393: 5d                    pop    %ebp

 8048394: c3                    ret    

 8048395: 8d 74 26 00           lea    0x0(%esi,%eiz,1),%esi

 8048399: 8d bc 27 00 00 00 00  lea    0x0(%edi,%eiz,1),%edi



080483a0 <frame_dummy>:

 80483a0: 55                    push   %ebp

 80483a1: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 80483a3: 83 ec 18              sub    $0x18,%esp

 80483a6: a1 24 9f 04 08        mov    0x8049f24,%eax

 80483ab: 85 c0                 test   %eax,%eax

 80483ad: 74 12                 je     80483c1 <frame_dummy+0x21>

 80483af: b8 00 00 00 00        mov    $0x0,%eax

 80483b4: 85 c0                 test   %eax,%eax

 80483b6: 74 09                 je     80483c1 <frame_dummy+0x21>

 80483b8: c7 04 24 24 9f 04 08  movl   $0x8049f24,(%esp)

 80483bf: ff d0                 call   *%eax

 80483c1: c9                    leave  

 80483c2: c3                    ret    

 80483c3: 90                    nop



080483c4 <main>:

 80483c4: 55                    push   %ebp

 80483c5: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 80483c7: 83 e4 f0              and    $0xfffffff0,%esp

 80483ca: 83 ec 10              sub    $0x10,%esp

 80483cd: c7 44 24 04 02 00 00  movl   $0x2,0x4(%esp)

 80483d4: 00 

 80483d5: c7 04 24 01 00 00 00  movl   $0x1,(%esp)

 80483dc: e8 1b 00 00 00        call   80483fc <add>

 80483e1: b8 00 85 04 08        mov    $0x8048500,%eax

 80483e6: dd 5c 24 04           fstpl  0x4(%esp)

 80483ea: 89 04 24              mov    %eax,(%esp)

 80483ed: e8 02 ff ff ff        call   80482f4 <printf@plt>

 80483f2: b8 00 00 00 00        mov    $0x0,%eax

 80483f7: c9                    leave  

 80483f8: c3                    ret    

 80483f9: 90                    nop

 80483fa: 90                    nop

 80483fb: 90                    nop



080483fc <add>:

 80483fc: 55                    push   %ebp

 80483fd: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 80483ff: 83 ec 28              sub    $0x28,%esp

 8048402: 8b 45 0c              mov    0xc(%ebp),%eax

 8048405: 8b 55 08              mov    0x8(%ebp),%edx

 8048408: 8d 04 02              lea    (%edx,%eax,1),%eax

 804840b: 89 45 f4              mov    %eax,-0xc(%ebp)

 804840e: db 45 f4              fildl  -0xc(%ebp)

 8048411: b8 04 85 04 08        mov    $0x8048504,%eax

 8048416: dd 5c 24 04           fstpl  0x4(%esp)

 804841a: 89 04 24              mov    %eax,(%esp)

 804841d: e8 d2 fe ff ff        call   80482f4 <printf@plt>

 8048422: 8b 45 0c              mov    0xc(%ebp),%eax

 8048425: 8b 55 08              mov    0x8(%ebp),%edx

 8048428: 8d 04 02              lea    (%edx,%eax,1),%eax

 804842b: 89 45 f4              mov    %eax,-0xc(%ebp)

 804842e: db 45 f4              fildl  -0xc(%ebp)

 8048431: c9                    leave  

 8048432: c3                    ret    

 8048433: 90                    nop

 8048434: 90                    nop

 8048435: 90                    nop

 8048436: 90                    nop

 8048437: 90                    nop

 8048438: 90                    nop

 8048439: 90                    nop

 804843a: 90                    nop

 804843b: 90                    nop

 804843c: 90                    nop

 804843d: 90                    nop

 804843e: 90                    nop

 804843f: 90                    nop



08048440 <__libc_csu_fini>:

 8048440: 55                    push   %ebp

 8048441: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 8048443: 5d                    pop    %ebp

 8048444: c3                    ret    

 8048445: 8d 74 26 00           lea    0x0(%esi,%eiz,1),%esi

 8048449: 8d bc 27 00 00 00 00  lea    0x0(%edi,%eiz,1),%edi



08048450 <__libc_csu_init>:

 8048450: 55                    push   %ebp

 8048451: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 8048453: 57                    push   %edi

 8048454: 56                    push   %esi

 8048455: 53                    push   %ebx

 8048456: e8 4f 00 00 00        call   80484aa <__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx>

 804845b: 81 c3 99 1b 00 00     add    $0x1b99,%ebx

 8048461: 83 ec 1c              sub    $0x1c,%esp

 8048464: e8 2b fe ff ff        call   8048294 <_init>

 8048469: 8d bb 20 ff ff ff     lea    -0xe0(%ebx),%edi

 804846f: 8d 83 20 ff ff ff     lea    -0xe0(%ebx),%eax

 8048475: 29 c7                 sub    %eax,%edi

 8048477: c1 ff 02              sar    $0x2,%edi

 804847a: 85 ff                 test   %edi,%edi

 804847c: 74 24                 je     80484a2 <__libc_csu_init+0x52>

 804847e: 31 f6                 xor    %esi,%esi

 8048480: 8b 45 10              mov    0x10(%ebp),%eax

 8048483: 89 44 24 08           mov    %eax,0x8(%esp)

 8048487: 8b 45 0c              mov    0xc(%ebp),%eax

 804848a: 89 44 24 04           mov    %eax,0x4(%esp)

 804848e: 8b 45 08              mov    0x8(%ebp),%eax

 8048491: 89 04 24              mov    %eax,(%esp)

 8048494: ff 94 b3 20 ff ff ff  call   *-0xe0(%ebx,%esi,4)

 804849b: 83 c6 01              add    $0x1,%esi

 804849e: 39 fe                 cmp    %edi,%esi

 80484a0: 72 de                 jb     8048480 <__libc_csu_init+0x30>

 80484a2: 83 c4 1c              add    $0x1c,%esp

 80484a5: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80484a6: 5e                    pop    %esi

 80484a7: 5f                    pop    %edi

 80484a8: 5d                    pop    %ebp

 80484a9: c3                    ret    



080484aa <__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx>:

 80484aa: 8b 1c 24              mov    (%esp),%ebx

 80484ad: c3                    ret    

 80484ae: 90                    nop

 80484af: 90                    nop



080484b0 <__do_global_ctors_aux>:

 80484b0: 55                    push   %ebp

 80484b1: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 80484b3: 53                    push   %ebx

 80484b4: 83 ec 04              sub    $0x4,%esp

 80484b7: a1 14 9f 04 08        mov    0x8049f14,%eax

 80484bc: 83 f8 ff              cmp    $0xffffffff,%eax

 80484bf: 74 13                 je     80484d4 <__do_global_ctors_aux+0x24>

 80484c1: bb 14 9f 04 08        mov    $0x8049f14,%ebx

 80484c6: 66 90                 xchg   %ax,%ax

 80484c8: 83 eb 04              sub    $0x4,%ebx

 80484cb: ff d0                 call   *%eax

 80484cd: 8b 03                 mov    (%ebx),%eax

 80484cf: 83 f8 ff              cmp    $0xffffffff,%eax

 80484d2: 75 f4                 jne    80484c8 <__do_global_ctors_aux+0x18>

 80484d4: 83 c4 04              add    $0x4,%esp

 80484d7: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80484d8: 5d                    pop    %ebp

 80484d9: c3                    ret    

 80484da: 90                    nop

 80484db: 90                    nop



Disassembly of section .fini:



080484dc <_fini>:

 80484dc: 55                    push   %ebp

 80484dd: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 80484df: 53                    push   %ebx

 80484e0: 83 ec 04              sub    $0x4,%esp

 80484e3: e8 00 00 00 00        call   80484e8 <_fini+0xc>

 80484e8: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80484e9: 81 c3 0c 1b 00 00     add    $0x1b0c,%ebx

 80484ef: e8 4c fe ff ff        call   8048340 <__do_global_dtors_aux>

 80484f4: 59                    pop    %ecx

 80484f5: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80484f6: c9                    leave  

 80484f7: c3                    ret