How to get a Flow of a Simple C program

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command for generation of preprocessed code which will have the included 
files in the code as well as the code that we have written
gcc -E test.c > test.pp

object code post compilation that we always do.
gcc test.c test2.c -o test.o


the assembly dump of the code generated.
objdump -d test.o

test.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>





double add(int,int);



int main()

{

 printf("%f\n", add(1,2));

 return 0;

}

 

test.pp

# 1 "test.c"

# 1 "<built-in>"

# 1 "<command-line>"

# 1 "test.c"

# 1 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4

# 28 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/features.h" 1 3 4

# 322 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/predefs.h" 1 3 4

# 323 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4

# 355 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4

# 353 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 354 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4

# 356 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4

# 387 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 1 3 4







# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 5 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4





# 1 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs-32.h" 1 3 4

# 8 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4

# 388 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4

# 29 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4











# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4

# 211 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 3 4

typedef unsigned int size_t;

# 35 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4



# 1 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 1 3 4

# 28 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 29 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4





typedef unsigned char __u_char;

typedef unsigned short int __u_short;

typedef unsigned int __u_int;

typedef unsigned long int __u_long;





typedef signed char __int8_t;

typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;

typedef signed short int __int16_t;

typedef unsigned short int __uint16_t;

typedef signed int __int32_t;

typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;









__extension__ typedef signed long long int __int64_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned long long int __uint64_t;















__extension__ typedef long long int __quad_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned long long int __u_quad_t;

# 131 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/typesizes.h" 1 3 4

# 132 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4





__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __dev_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __uid_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __gid_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __ino_t;

__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __ino64_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __mode_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __nlink_t;

__extension__ typedef long int __off_t;

__extension__ typedef __quad_t __off64_t;

__extension__ typedef int __pid_t;

__extension__ typedef struct { int __val[2]; } __fsid_t;

__extension__ typedef long int __clock_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __rlim_t;

__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __rlim64_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __id_t;

__extension__ typedef long int __time_t;

__extension__ typedef unsigned int __useconds_t;

__extension__ typedef long int __suseconds_t;



__extension__ typedef int __daddr_t;

__extension__ typedef long int __swblk_t;

__extension__ typedef int __key_t;





__extension__ typedef int __clockid_t;





__extension__ typedef void * __timer_t;





__extension__ typedef long int __blksize_t;









__extension__ typedef long int __blkcnt_t;

__extension__ typedef __quad_t __blkcnt64_t;





__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt_t;

__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __fsblkcnt64_t;





__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt_t;

__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __fsfilcnt64_t;



__extension__ typedef int __ssize_t;







typedef __off64_t __loff_t;

typedef __quad_t *__qaddr_t;

typedef char *__caddr_t;





__extension__ typedef int __intptr_t;





__extension__ typedef unsigned int __socklen_t;

# 37 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 45 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

struct _IO_FILE;







typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;











# 65 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

typedef struct _IO_FILE __FILE;

# 75 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/libio.h" 1 3 4

# 32 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 1 3 4

# 15 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4

# 16 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4









# 1 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 1 3 4

# 83 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 3 4

typedef struct

{

  int __count;

  union

  {



    unsigned int __wch;







    char __wchb[4];

  } __value;

} __mbstate_t;

# 21 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4



typedef struct

{

  __off_t __pos;

  __mbstate_t __state;

} _G_fpos_t;

typedef struct

{

  __off64_t __pos;

  __mbstate_t __state;

} _G_fpos64_t;

# 53 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4

typedef int _G_int16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));

typedef int _G_int32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));

typedef unsigned int _G_uint16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));

typedef unsigned int _G_uint32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));

# 33 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4

# 53 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stdarg.h" 1 3 4

# 40 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stdarg.h" 3 4

typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;

# 54 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4

# 170 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

struct _IO_jump_t; struct _IO_FILE;

# 180 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

typedef void _IO_lock_t;











struct _IO_marker {

  struct _IO_marker *_next;

  struct _IO_FILE *_sbuf;







  int _pos;

# 203 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

};





enum __codecvt_result

{

  __codecvt_ok,

  __codecvt_partial,

  __codecvt_error,

  __codecvt_noconv

};

# 271 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

struct _IO_FILE {

  int _flags;









  char* _IO_read_ptr;

  char* _IO_read_end;

  char* _IO_read_base;

  char* _IO_write_base;

  char* _IO_write_ptr;

  char* _IO_write_end;

  char* _IO_buf_base;

  char* _IO_buf_end;



  char *_IO_save_base;

  char *_IO_backup_base;

  char *_IO_save_end;



  struct _IO_marker *_markers;



  struct _IO_FILE *_chain;



  int _fileno;







  int _flags2;



  __off_t _old_offset;







  unsigned short _cur_column;

  signed char _vtable_offset;

  char _shortbuf[1];







  _IO_lock_t *_lock;

# 319 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

  __off64_t _offset;

# 328 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

  void *__pad1;

  void *__pad2;

  void *__pad3;

  void *__pad4;

  size_t __pad5;



  int _mode;



  char _unused2[15 * sizeof (int) - 4 * sizeof (void *) - sizeof (size_t)];



};





typedef struct _IO_FILE _IO_FILE;





struct _IO_FILE_plus;



extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stdin_;

extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stdout_;

extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stderr_;

# 364 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

typedef __ssize_t __io_read_fn (void *__cookie, char *__buf, size_t __nbytes);















typedef __ssize_t __io_write_fn (void *__cookie, __const char *__buf,

     size_t __n);















typedef int __io_seek_fn (void *__cookie, __off64_t *__pos, int __w);





typedef int __io_close_fn (void *__cookie);

# 416 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

extern int __underflow (_IO_FILE *);

extern int __uflow (_IO_FILE *);

extern int __overflow (_IO_FILE *, int);

# 460 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

extern int _IO_getc (_IO_FILE *__fp);

extern int _IO_putc (int __c, _IO_FILE *__fp);

extern int _IO_feof (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern int _IO_ferror (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern int _IO_peekc_locked (_IO_FILE *__fp);











extern void _IO_flockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern void _IO_funlockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern int _IO_ftrylockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 490 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4

extern int _IO_vfscanf (_IO_FILE * __restrict, const char * __restrict,

   __gnuc_va_list, int *__restrict);

extern int _IO_vfprintf (_IO_FILE *__restrict, const char *__restrict,

    __gnuc_va_list);

extern __ssize_t _IO_padn (_IO_FILE *, int, __ssize_t);

extern size_t _IO_sgetn (_IO_FILE *, void *, size_t);



extern __off64_t _IO_seekoff (_IO_FILE *, __off64_t, int, int);

extern __off64_t _IO_seekpos (_IO_FILE *, __off64_t, int);



extern void _IO_free_backup_area (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 76 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4









typedef __gnuc_va_list va_list;

# 91 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

typedef __off_t off_t;

# 103 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

typedef __ssize_t ssize_t;















typedef _G_fpos_t fpos_t;









# 161 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/stdio_lim.h" 1 3 4

# 162 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4







extern struct _IO_FILE *stdin;

extern struct _IO_FILE *stdout;

extern struct _IO_FILE *stderr;















extern int remove (__const char *__filename) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern int rename (__const char *__old, __const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));









extern int renameat (int __oldfd, __const char *__old, int __newfd,

       __const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

















extern FILE *tmpfile (void) ;

# 206 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern char *tmpnam (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;











extern char *tmpnam_r (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;

# 224 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern char *tempnam (__const char *__dir, __const char *__pfx)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) ;

















extern int fclose (FILE *__stream);









extern int fflush (FILE *__stream);



# 249 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fflush_unlocked (FILE *__stream);

# 263 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4













extern FILE *fopen (__const char *__restrict __filename,

      __const char *__restrict __modes) ;









extern FILE *freopen (__const char *__restrict __filename,

        __const char *__restrict __modes,

        FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

# 292 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4



# 303 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern FILE *fdopen (int __fd, __const char *__modes) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;

# 316 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern FILE *fmemopen (void *__s, size_t __len, __const char *__modes)

  __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;









extern FILE *open_memstream (char **__bufloc, size_t *__sizeloc) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;













extern void setbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));







extern int setvbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,

      int __modes, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));











extern void setbuffer (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,

         size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));





extern void setlinebuf (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

















extern int fprintf (FILE *__restrict __stream,

      __const char *__restrict __format, ...);









extern int printf (__const char *__restrict __format, ...);



extern int sprintf (char *__restrict __s,

      __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));











extern int vfprintf (FILE *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format,

       __gnuc_va_list __arg);









extern int vprintf (__const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg);



extern int vsprintf (char *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format,

       __gnuc_va_list __arg) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));











extern int snprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,

       __const char *__restrict __format, ...)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)));



extern int vsnprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,

        __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)));



# 414 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int vdprintf (int __fd, __const char *__restrict __fmt,

       __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)));

extern int dprintf (int __fd, __const char *__restrict __fmt, ...)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)));

















extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream,

     __const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;









extern int scanf (__const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;



extern int sscanf (__const char *__restrict __s,

     __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 445 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream, __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_fscanf") ;





extern int scanf (__const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_scanf") ;



extern int sscanf (__const char *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_sscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 465 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

















extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format,

      __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ;











extern int vscanf (__const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;





extern int vsscanf (__const char *__restrict __s,

      __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));

# 496 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vfscanf")







     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ;

extern int vscanf (__const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vscanf")



     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;

extern int vsscanf (__const char *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vsscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__))







     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));

# 524 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4



















extern int fgetc (FILE *__stream);

extern int getc (FILE *__stream);











extern int getchar (void);



# 552 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int getc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);

extern int getchar_unlocked (void);

# 563 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);























extern int fputc (int __c, FILE *__stream);

extern int putc (int __c, FILE *__stream);











extern int putchar (int __c);



# 596 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fputc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);















extern int putc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);

extern int putchar_unlocked (int __c);













extern int getw (FILE *__stream);





extern int putw (int __w, FILE *__stream);

















extern char *fgets (char *__restrict __s, int __n, FILE *__restrict __stream)

     ;













extern char *gets (char *__s) ;



# 658 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern __ssize_t __getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,

          size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,

          FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

extern __ssize_t getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,

        size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,

        FILE *__restrict __stream) ;















extern __ssize_t getline (char **__restrict __lineptr,

       size_t *__restrict __n,

       FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

















extern int fputs (__const char *__restrict __s, FILE *__restrict __stream);











extern int puts (__const char *__s);













extern int ungetc (int __c, FILE *__stream);













extern size_t fread (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

       size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;









extern size_t fwrite (__const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

        size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __s);



# 730 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern size_t fread_unlocked (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

         size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

extern size_t fwrite_unlocked (__const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

          size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream);

















extern int fseek (FILE *__stream, long int __off, int __whence);









extern long int ftell (FILE *__stream) ;









extern void rewind (FILE *__stream);



# 766 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fseeko (FILE *__stream, __off_t __off, int __whence);









extern __off_t ftello (FILE *__stream) ;

# 785 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4













extern int fgetpos (FILE *__restrict __stream, fpos_t *__restrict __pos);









extern int fsetpos (FILE *__stream, __const fpos_t *__pos);

# 808 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4



# 817 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4





extern void clearerr (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern int feof (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;



extern int ferror (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;









extern void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern int feof_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;

extern int ferror_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;

















extern void perror (__const char *__s);













# 1 "/usr/include/bits/sys_errlist.h" 1 3 4

# 27 "/usr/include/bits/sys_errlist.h" 3 4

extern int sys_nerr;

extern __const char *__const sys_errlist[];

# 847 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4









extern int fileno (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;









extern int fileno_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;

# 866 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern FILE *popen (__const char *__command, __const char *__modes) ;











extern int pclose (FILE *__stream);











extern char *ctermid (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 906 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern void flockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));







extern int ftrylockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;





extern void funlockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 936 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4



# 2 "test.c" 2

# 1 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 1 3 4

# 33 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4

# 323 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 3 4

typedef int wchar_t;

# 34 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 2 3 4

















# 1 "/usr/include/bits/waitflags.h" 1 3 4

# 43 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/waitstatus.h" 1 3 4

# 65 "/usr/include/bits/waitstatus.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/endian.h" 1 3 4

# 37 "/usr/include/endian.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/endian.h" 1 3 4

# 38 "/usr/include/endian.h" 2 3 4

# 61 "/usr/include/endian.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/byteswap.h" 1 3 4

# 28 "/usr/include/bits/byteswap.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 29 "/usr/include/bits/byteswap.h" 2 3 4

# 62 "/usr/include/endian.h" 2 3 4

# 66 "/usr/include/bits/waitstatus.h" 2 3 4



union wait

  {

    int w_status;

    struct

      {



 unsigned int __w_termsig:7;

 unsigned int __w_coredump:1;

 unsigned int __w_retcode:8;

 unsigned int:16;















      } __wait_terminated;

    struct

      {



 unsigned int __w_stopval:8;

 unsigned int __w_stopsig:8;

 unsigned int:16;













      } __wait_stopped;

  };

# 44 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 2 3 4

# 68 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

typedef union

  {

    union wait *__uptr;

    int *__iptr;

  } __WAIT_STATUS __attribute__ ((__transparent_union__));

# 96 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4





typedef struct

  {

    int quot;

    int rem;

  } div_t;







typedef struct

  {

    long int quot;

    long int rem;

  } ldiv_t;















__extension__ typedef struct

  {

    long long int quot;

    long long int rem;

  } lldiv_t;





# 140 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern size_t __ctype_get_mb_cur_max (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;









extern double atof (__const char *__nptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__pure__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



extern int atoi (__const char *__nptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__pure__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



extern long int atol (__const char *__nptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__pure__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











__extension__ extern long long int atoll (__const char *__nptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__pure__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











extern double strtod (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

        char **__restrict __endptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











extern float strtof (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

       char **__restrict __endptr) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



extern long double strtold (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

       char **__restrict __endptr)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











extern long int strtol (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

   char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



extern unsigned long int strtoul (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

      char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;









__extension__

extern long long int strtoq (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

        char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



__extension__

extern unsigned long long int strtouq (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

           char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











__extension__

extern long long int strtoll (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

         char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



__extension__

extern unsigned long long int strtoull (__const char *__restrict __nptr,

     char **__restrict __endptr, int __base)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;



# 311 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern char *l64a (long int __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;





extern long int a64l (__const char *__s)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__pure__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;









# 1 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 1 3 4

# 28 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4













typedef __u_char u_char;

typedef __u_short u_short;

typedef __u_int u_int;

typedef __u_long u_long;

typedef __quad_t quad_t;

typedef __u_quad_t u_quad_t;

typedef __fsid_t fsid_t;









typedef __loff_t loff_t;







typedef __ino_t ino_t;

# 61 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

typedef __dev_t dev_t;









typedef __gid_t gid_t;









typedef __mode_t mode_t;









typedef __nlink_t nlink_t;









typedef __uid_t uid_t;

# 99 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

typedef __pid_t pid_t;











typedef __id_t id_t;

# 116 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

typedef __daddr_t daddr_t;

typedef __caddr_t caddr_t;











typedef __key_t key_t;

# 133 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/time.h" 1 3 4

# 58 "/usr/include/time.h" 3 4





typedef __clock_t clock_t;







# 74 "/usr/include/time.h" 3 4





typedef __time_t time_t;







# 92 "/usr/include/time.h" 3 4

typedef __clockid_t clockid_t;

# 104 "/usr/include/time.h" 3 4

typedef __timer_t timer_t;

# 134 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 2 3 4

# 147 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4

# 148 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 2 3 4







typedef unsigned long int ulong;

typedef unsigned short int ushort;

typedef unsigned int uint;

# 195 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

typedef int int8_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__QI__)));

typedef int int16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));

typedef int int32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));

typedef int int64_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__DI__)));





typedef unsigned int u_int8_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__QI__)));

typedef unsigned int u_int16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));

typedef unsigned int u_int32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));

typedef unsigned int u_int64_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__DI__)));



typedef int register_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__word__)));

# 220 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 1 3 4

# 31 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/select.h" 1 3 4

# 23 "/usr/include/bits/select.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 24 "/usr/include/bits/select.h" 2 3 4

# 32 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 2 3 4





# 1 "/usr/include/bits/sigset.h" 1 3 4

# 24 "/usr/include/bits/sigset.h" 3 4

typedef int __sig_atomic_t;









typedef struct

  {

    unsigned long int __val[(1024 / (8 * sizeof (unsigned long int)))];

  } __sigset_t;

# 35 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 2 3 4







typedef __sigset_t sigset_t;











# 1 "/usr/include/time.h" 1 3 4

# 120 "/usr/include/time.h" 3 4

struct timespec

  {

    __time_t tv_sec;

    long int tv_nsec;

  };

# 45 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 2 3 4



# 1 "/usr/include/bits/time.h" 1 3 4

# 75 "/usr/include/bits/time.h" 3 4

struct timeval

  {

    __time_t tv_sec;

    __suseconds_t tv_usec;

  };

# 47 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 2 3 4





typedef __suseconds_t suseconds_t;











typedef long int __fd_mask;

# 67 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 3 4

typedef struct

  {













    __fd_mask __fds_bits[1024 / (8 * (int) sizeof (__fd_mask))];





  } fd_set;













typedef __fd_mask fd_mask;

# 99 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 3 4



# 109 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 3 4

extern int select (int __nfds, fd_set *__restrict __readfds,

     fd_set *__restrict __writefds,

     fd_set *__restrict __exceptfds,

     struct timeval *__restrict __timeout);

# 121 "/usr/include/sys/select.h" 3 4

extern int pselect (int __nfds, fd_set *__restrict __readfds,

      fd_set *__restrict __writefds,

      fd_set *__restrict __exceptfds,

      const struct timespec *__restrict __timeout,

      const __sigset_t *__restrict __sigmask);







# 221 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 2 3 4





# 1 "/usr/include/sys/sysmacros.h" 1 3 4

# 30 "/usr/include/sys/sysmacros.h" 3 4

__extension__

extern unsigned int gnu_dev_major (unsigned long long int __dev)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

__extension__

extern unsigned int gnu_dev_minor (unsigned long long int __dev)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

__extension__

extern unsigned long long int gnu_dev_makedev (unsigned int __major,

            unsigned int __minor)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 224 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 2 3 4











typedef __blksize_t blksize_t;













typedef __blkcnt_t blkcnt_t;







typedef __fsblkcnt_t fsblkcnt_t;







typedef __fsfilcnt_t fsfilcnt_t;

# 271 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 1 3 4

# 23 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 24 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 2 3 4

# 50 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 3 4

typedef unsigned long int pthread_t;





typedef union

{

  char __size[36];

  long int __align;

} pthread_attr_t;

# 67 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 3 4

typedef struct __pthread_internal_slist

{

  struct __pthread_internal_slist *__next;

} __pthread_slist_t;











typedef union

{

  struct __pthread_mutex_s

  {

    int __lock;

    unsigned int __count;

    int __owner;











    int __kind;











    unsigned int __nusers;

    __extension__ union

    {

      int __spins;

      __pthread_slist_t __list;

    };



  } __data;

  char __size[24];

  long int __align;

} pthread_mutex_t;



typedef union

{

  char __size[4];

  int __align;

} pthread_mutexattr_t;









typedef union

{

  struct

  {

    int __lock;

    unsigned int __futex;

    __extension__ unsigned long long int __total_seq;

    __extension__ unsigned long long int __wakeup_seq;

    __extension__ unsigned long long int __woken_seq;

    void *__mutex;

    unsigned int __nwaiters;

    unsigned int __broadcast_seq;

  } __data;

  char __size[48];

  __extension__ long long int __align;

} pthread_cond_t;



typedef union

{

  char __size[4];

  int __align;

} pthread_condattr_t;







typedef unsigned int pthread_key_t;







typedef int pthread_once_t;











typedef union

{

# 170 "/usr/include/bits/pthreadtypes.h" 3 4

  struct

  {

    int __lock;

    unsigned int __nr_readers;

    unsigned int __readers_wakeup;

    unsigned int __writer_wakeup;

    unsigned int __nr_readers_queued;

    unsigned int __nr_writers_queued;





    unsigned char __flags;

    unsigned char __shared;

    unsigned char __pad1;

    unsigned char __pad2;

    int __writer;

  } __data;



  char __size[32];

  long int __align;

} pthread_rwlock_t;



typedef union

{

  char __size[8];

  long int __align;

} pthread_rwlockattr_t;











typedef volatile int pthread_spinlock_t;









typedef union

{

  char __size[20];

  long int __align;

} pthread_barrier_t;



typedef union

{

  char __size[4];

  int __align;

} pthread_barrierattr_t;

# 272 "/usr/include/sys/types.h" 2 3 4







# 321 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 2 3 4













extern long int random (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));





extern void srandom (unsigned int __seed) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));











extern char *initstate (unsigned int __seed, char *__statebuf,

   size_t __statelen) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));







extern char *setstate (char *__statebuf) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));















struct random_data

  {

    int32_t *fptr;

    int32_t *rptr;

    int32_t *state;

    int rand_type;

    int rand_deg;

    int rand_sep;

    int32_t *end_ptr;

  };



extern int random_r (struct random_data *__restrict __buf,

       int32_t *__restrict __result) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));



extern int srandom_r (unsigned int __seed, struct random_data *__buf)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));



extern int initstate_r (unsigned int __seed, char *__restrict __statebuf,

   size_t __statelen,

   struct random_data *__restrict __buf)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2, 4)));



extern int setstate_r (char *__restrict __statebuf,

         struct random_data *__restrict __buf)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));













extern int rand (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern void srand (unsigned int __seed) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));









extern int rand_r (unsigned int *__seed) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));















extern double drand48 (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern double erand48 (unsigned short int __xsubi[3]) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));





extern long int lrand48 (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern long int nrand48 (unsigned short int __xsubi[3])

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));





extern long int mrand48 (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern long int jrand48 (unsigned short int __xsubi[3])

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));





extern void srand48 (long int __seedval) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern unsigned short int *seed48 (unsigned short int __seed16v[3])

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));

extern void lcong48 (unsigned short int __param[7]) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));











struct drand48_data

  {

    unsigned short int __x[3];

    unsigned short int __old_x[3];

    unsigned short int __c;

    unsigned short int __init;

    unsigned long long int __a;

  };





extern int drand48_r (struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        double *__restrict __result) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));

extern int erand48_r (unsigned short int __xsubi[3],

        struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        double *__restrict __result) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));





extern int lrand48_r (struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        long int *__restrict __result)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));

extern int nrand48_r (unsigned short int __xsubi[3],

        struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        long int *__restrict __result)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));





extern int mrand48_r (struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        long int *__restrict __result)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));

extern int jrand48_r (unsigned short int __xsubi[3],

        struct drand48_data *__restrict __buffer,

        long int *__restrict __result)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));





extern int srand48_r (long int __seedval, struct drand48_data *__buffer)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));



extern int seed48_r (unsigned short int __seed16v[3],

       struct drand48_data *__buffer) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));



extern int lcong48_r (unsigned short int __param[7],

        struct drand48_data *__buffer)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2)));



















extern void *malloc (size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) ;



extern void *calloc (size_t __nmemb, size_t __size)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) ;





















extern void *realloc (void *__ptr, size_t __size)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__warn_unused_result__));



extern void free (void *__ptr) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));









extern void cfree (void *__ptr) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));







# 1 "/usr/include/alloca.h" 1 3 4

# 25 "/usr/include/alloca.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4

# 26 "/usr/include/alloca.h" 2 3 4















extern void *alloca (size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));













# 498 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 2 3 4











extern void *valloc (size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) ;









extern int posix_memalign (void **__memptr, size_t __alignment, size_t __size)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;









extern void abort (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__noreturn__));







extern int atexit (void (*__func) (void)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));

# 531 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4











extern int on_exit (void (*__func) (int __status, void *__arg), void *__arg)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));













extern void exit (int __status) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__noreturn__));

# 554 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4













extern void _Exit (int __status) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__noreturn__));













extern char *getenv (__const char *__name) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;









extern char *__secure_getenv (__const char *__name)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;











extern int putenv (char *__string) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));











extern int setenv (__const char *__name, __const char *__value, int __replace)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));





extern int unsetenv (__const char *__name) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));













extern int clearenv (void) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

# 606 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern char *mktemp (char *__template) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;

# 620 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern int mkstemp (char *__template) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;

# 642 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern int mkstemps (char *__template, int __suffixlen) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;

# 663 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern char *mkdtemp (char *__template) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;

# 712 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4











extern int system (__const char *__command) ;



# 734 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern char *realpath (__const char *__restrict __name,

         char *__restrict __resolved) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;













typedef int (*__compar_fn_t) (__const void *, __const void *);

# 752 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4







extern void *bsearch (__const void *__key, __const void *__base,

        size_t __nmemb, size_t __size, __compar_fn_t __compar)

     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2, 5))) ;







extern void qsort (void *__base, size_t __nmemb, size_t __size,

     __compar_fn_t __compar) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 4)));

# 771 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern int abs (int __x) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;

extern long int labs (long int __x) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;







__extension__ extern long long int llabs (long long int __x)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;















extern div_t div (int __numer, int __denom)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;

extern ldiv_t ldiv (long int __numer, long int __denom)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;









__extension__ extern lldiv_t lldiv (long long int __numer,

        long long int __denom)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__const__)) ;



# 808 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern char *ecvt (double __value, int __ndigit, int *__restrict __decpt,

     int *__restrict __sign) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4))) ;









extern char *fcvt (double __value, int __ndigit, int *__restrict __decpt,

     int *__restrict __sign) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4))) ;









extern char *gcvt (double __value, int __ndigit, char *__buf)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3))) ;









extern char *qecvt (long double __value, int __ndigit,

      int *__restrict __decpt, int *__restrict __sign)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4))) ;

extern char *qfcvt (long double __value, int __ndigit,

      int *__restrict __decpt, int *__restrict __sign)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4))) ;

extern char *qgcvt (long double __value, int __ndigit, char *__buf)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3))) ;









extern int ecvt_r (double __value, int __ndigit, int *__restrict __decpt,

     int *__restrict __sign, char *__restrict __buf,

     size_t __len) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4, 5)));

extern int fcvt_r (double __value, int __ndigit, int *__restrict __decpt,

     int *__restrict __sign, char *__restrict __buf,

     size_t __len) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4, 5)));



extern int qecvt_r (long double __value, int __ndigit,

      int *__restrict __decpt, int *__restrict __sign,

      char *__restrict __buf, size_t __len)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4, 5)));

extern int qfcvt_r (long double __value, int __ndigit,

      int *__restrict __decpt, int *__restrict __sign,

      char *__restrict __buf, size_t __len)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3, 4, 5)));















extern int mblen (__const char *__s, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;





extern int mbtowc (wchar_t *__restrict __pwc,

     __const char *__restrict __s, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;





extern int wctomb (char *__s, wchar_t __wchar) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;







extern size_t mbstowcs (wchar_t *__restrict __pwcs,

   __const char *__restrict __s, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));



extern size_t wcstombs (char *__restrict __s,

   __const wchar_t *__restrict __pwcs, size_t __n)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

















extern int rpmatch (__const char *__response) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1))) ;

# 896 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern int getsubopt (char **__restrict __optionp,

        char *__const *__restrict __tokens,

        char **__restrict __valuep)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1, 2, 3))) ;

# 948 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4

extern int getloadavg (double __loadavg[], int __nelem)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));

# 964 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4



# 3 "test.c" 2





double add(int,int);



int main()

{

 printf("%f\n", add(1,2));

 return 0;

}

test2.c

#include <stdio.h>



double add(int a, int b)

{

    printf("%f\n", (double)(a + b));

    return a + b;

}

 

here is the assembly dump

test.o:     file format elf32-i386





Disassembly of section .init:



08048294 <_init>:

 8048294: 55                    push   %ebp

 8048295: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 8048297: 53                    push   %ebx

 8048298: 83 ec 04              sub    $0x4,%esp

 804829b: e8 00 00 00 00        call   80482a0 <_init+0xc>

 80482a0: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80482a1: 81 c3 54 1d 00 00     add    $0x1d54,%ebx

 80482a7: 8b 93 fc ff ff ff     mov    -0x4(%ebx),%edx

 80482ad: 85 d2                 test   %edx,%edx

 80482af: 74 05                 je     80482b6 <_init+0x22>

 80482b1: e8 1e 00 00 00        call   80482d4 <__gmon_start__@plt>

 80482b6: e8 e5 00 00 00        call   80483a0 <frame_dummy>

 80482bb: e8 f0 01 00 00        call   80484b0 <__do_global_ctors_aux>

 80482c0: 58                    pop    %eax

 80482c1: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80482c2: c9                    leave  

 80482c3: c3                    ret    



Disassembly of section .plt:



080482c4 <__gmon_start__@plt-0x10>:

 80482c4: ff 35 f8 9f 04 08     pushl  0x8049ff8

 80482ca: ff 25 fc 9f 04 08     jmp    *0x8049ffc

 80482d0: 00 00                 add    %al,(%eax)

 ...



080482d4 <__gmon_start__@plt>:

 80482d4: ff 25 00 a0 04 08     jmp    *0x804a000

 80482da: 68 00 00 00 00        push   $0x0

 80482df: e9 e0 ff ff ff        jmp    80482c4 <_init+0x30>



080482e4 <__libc_start_main@plt>:

 80482e4: ff 25 04 a0 04 08     jmp    *0x804a004

 80482ea: 68 08 00 00 00        push   $0x8

 80482ef: e9 d0 ff ff ff        jmp    80482c4 <_init+0x30>



080482f4 <printf@plt>:

 80482f4: ff 25 08 a0 04 08     jmp    *0x804a008

 80482fa: 68 10 00 00 00        push   $0x10

 80482ff: e9 c0 ff ff ff        jmp    80482c4 <_init+0x30>



Disassembly of section .text:



08048310 <_start>:

 8048310: 31 ed                 xor    %ebp,%ebp

 8048312: 5e                    pop    %esi

 8048313: 89 e1                 mov    %esp,%ecx

 8048315: 83 e4 f0              and    $0xfffffff0,%esp

 8048318: 50                    push   %eax

 8048319: 54                    push   %esp

 804831a: 52                    push   %edx

 804831b: 68 40 84 04 08        push   $0x8048440

 8048320: 68 50 84 04 08        push   $0x8048450

 8048325: 51                    push   %ecx

 8048326: 56                    push   %esi

 8048327: 68 c4 83 04 08        push   $0x80483c4

 804832c: e8 b3 ff ff ff        call   80482e4 <__libc_start_main@plt>

 8048331: f4                    hlt    

 8048332: 90                    nop

 8048333: 90                    nop

 8048334: 90                    nop

 8048335: 90                    nop

 8048336: 90                    nop

 8048337: 90                    nop

 8048338: 90                    nop

 8048339: 90                    nop

 804833a: 90                    nop

 804833b: 90                    nop

 804833c: 90                    nop

 804833d: 90                    nop

 804833e: 90                    nop

 804833f: 90                    nop



08048340 <__do_global_dtors_aux>:

 8048340: 55                    push   %ebp

 8048341: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 8048343: 53                    push   %ebx

 8048344: 83 ec 04              sub    $0x4,%esp

 8048347: 80 3d 14 a0 04 08 00  cmpb   $0x0,0x804a014

 804834e: 75 3f                 jne    804838f <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x4f>

 8048350: a1 18 a0 04 08        mov    0x804a018,%eax

 8048355: bb 20 9f 04 08        mov    $0x8049f20,%ebx

 804835a: 81 eb 1c 9f 04 08     sub    $0x8049f1c,%ebx

 8048360: c1 fb 02              sar    $0x2,%ebx

 8048363: 83 eb 01              sub    $0x1,%ebx

 8048366: 39 d8                 cmp    %ebx,%eax

 8048368: 73 1e                 jae    8048388 <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x48>

 804836a: 8d b6 00 00 00 00     lea    0x0(%esi),%esi

 8048370: 83 c0 01              add    $0x1,%eax

 8048373: a3 18 a0 04 08        mov    %eax,0x804a018

 8048378: ff 14 85 1c 9f 04 08  call   *0x8049f1c(,%eax,4)

 804837f: a1 18 a0 04 08        mov    0x804a018,%eax

 8048384: 39 d8                 cmp    %ebx,%eax

 8048386: 72 e8                 jb     8048370 <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x30>

 8048388: c6 05 14 a0 04 08 01  movb   $0x1,0x804a014

 804838f: 83 c4 04              add    $0x4,%esp

 8048392: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 8048393: 5d                    pop    %ebp

 8048394: c3                    ret    

 8048395: 8d 74 26 00           lea    0x0(%esi,%eiz,1),%esi

 8048399: 8d bc 27 00 00 00 00  lea    0x0(%edi,%eiz,1),%edi



080483a0 <frame_dummy>:

 80483a0: 55                    push   %ebp

 80483a1: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 80483a3: 83 ec 18              sub    $0x18,%esp

 80483a6: a1 24 9f 04 08        mov    0x8049f24,%eax

 80483ab: 85 c0                 test   %eax,%eax

 80483ad: 74 12                 je     80483c1 <frame_dummy+0x21>

 80483af: b8 00 00 00 00        mov    $0x0,%eax

 80483b4: 85 c0                 test   %eax,%eax

 80483b6: 74 09                 je     80483c1 <frame_dummy+0x21>

 80483b8: c7 04 24 24 9f 04 08  movl   $0x8049f24,(%esp)

 80483bf: ff d0                 call   *%eax

 80483c1: c9                    leave  

 80483c2: c3                    ret    

 80483c3: 90                    nop



080483c4 <main>:

 80483c4: 55                    push   %ebp

 80483c5: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 80483c7: 83 e4 f0              and    $0xfffffff0,%esp

 80483ca: 83 ec 10              sub    $0x10,%esp

 80483cd: c7 44 24 04 02 00 00  movl   $0x2,0x4(%esp)

 80483d4: 00 

 80483d5: c7 04 24 01 00 00 00  movl   $0x1,(%esp)

 80483dc: e8 1b 00 00 00        call   80483fc <add>

 80483e1: b8 00 85 04 08        mov    $0x8048500,%eax

 80483e6: dd 5c 24 04           fstpl  0x4(%esp)

 80483ea: 89 04 24              mov    %eax,(%esp)

 80483ed: e8 02 ff ff ff        call   80482f4 <printf@plt>

 80483f2: b8 00 00 00 00        mov    $0x0,%eax

 80483f7: c9                    leave  

 80483f8: c3                    ret    

 80483f9: 90                    nop

 80483fa: 90                    nop

 80483fb: 90                    nop



080483fc <add>:

 80483fc: 55                    push   %ebp

 80483fd: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 80483ff: 83 ec 28              sub    $0x28,%esp

 8048402: 8b 45 0c              mov    0xc(%ebp),%eax

 8048405: 8b 55 08              mov    0x8(%ebp),%edx

 8048408: 8d 04 02              lea    (%edx,%eax,1),%eax

 804840b: 89 45 f4              mov    %eax,-0xc(%ebp)

 804840e: db 45 f4              fildl  -0xc(%ebp)

 8048411: b8 04 85 04 08        mov    $0x8048504,%eax

 8048416: dd 5c 24 04           fstpl  0x4(%esp)

 804841a: 89 04 24              mov    %eax,(%esp)

 804841d: e8 d2 fe ff ff        call   80482f4 <printf@plt>

 8048422: 8b 45 0c              mov    0xc(%ebp),%eax

 8048425: 8b 55 08              mov    0x8(%ebp),%edx

 8048428: 8d 04 02              lea    (%edx,%eax,1),%eax

 804842b: 89 45 f4              mov    %eax,-0xc(%ebp)

 804842e: db 45 f4              fildl  -0xc(%ebp)

 8048431: c9                    leave  

 8048432: c3                    ret    

 8048433: 90                    nop

 8048434: 90                    nop

 8048435: 90                    nop

 8048436: 90                    nop

 8048437: 90                    nop

 8048438: 90                    nop

 8048439: 90                    nop

 804843a: 90                    nop

 804843b: 90                    nop

 804843c: 90                    nop

 804843d: 90                    nop

 804843e: 90                    nop

 804843f: 90                    nop



08048440 <__libc_csu_fini>:

 8048440: 55                    push   %ebp

 8048441: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 8048443: 5d                    pop    %ebp

 8048444: c3                    ret    

 8048445: 8d 74 26 00           lea    0x0(%esi,%eiz,1),%esi

 8048449: 8d bc 27 00 00 00 00  lea    0x0(%edi,%eiz,1),%edi



08048450 <__libc_csu_init>:

 8048450: 55                    push   %ebp

 8048451: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 8048453: 57                    push   %edi

 8048454: 56                    push   %esi

 8048455: 53                    push   %ebx

 8048456: e8 4f 00 00 00        call   80484aa <__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx>

 804845b: 81 c3 99 1b 00 00     add    $0x1b99,%ebx

 8048461: 83 ec 1c              sub    $0x1c,%esp

 8048464: e8 2b fe ff ff        call   8048294 <_init>

 8048469: 8d bb 20 ff ff ff     lea    -0xe0(%ebx),%edi

 804846f: 8d 83 20 ff ff ff     lea    -0xe0(%ebx),%eax

 8048475: 29 c7                 sub    %eax,%edi

 8048477: c1 ff 02              sar    $0x2,%edi

 804847a: 85 ff                 test   %edi,%edi

 804847c: 74 24                 je     80484a2 <__libc_csu_init+0x52>

 804847e: 31 f6                 xor    %esi,%esi

 8048480: 8b 45 10              mov    0x10(%ebp),%eax

 8048483: 89 44 24 08           mov    %eax,0x8(%esp)

 8048487: 8b 45 0c              mov    0xc(%ebp),%eax

 804848a: 89 44 24 04           mov    %eax,0x4(%esp)

 804848e: 8b 45 08              mov    0x8(%ebp),%eax

 8048491: 89 04 24              mov    %eax,(%esp)

 8048494: ff 94 b3 20 ff ff ff  call   *-0xe0(%ebx,%esi,4)

 804849b: 83 c6 01              add    $0x1,%esi

 804849e: 39 fe                 cmp    %edi,%esi

 80484a0: 72 de                 jb     8048480 <__libc_csu_init+0x30>

 80484a2: 83 c4 1c              add    $0x1c,%esp

 80484a5: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80484a6: 5e                    pop    %esi

 80484a7: 5f                    pop    %edi

 80484a8: 5d                    pop    %ebp

 80484a9: c3                    ret    



080484aa <__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx>:

 80484aa: 8b 1c 24              mov    (%esp),%ebx

 80484ad: c3                    ret    

 80484ae: 90                    nop

 80484af: 90                    nop



080484b0 <__do_global_ctors_aux>:

 80484b0: 55                    push   %ebp

 80484b1: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 80484b3: 53                    push   %ebx

 80484b4: 83 ec 04              sub    $0x4,%esp

 80484b7: a1 14 9f 04 08        mov    0x8049f14,%eax

 80484bc: 83 f8 ff              cmp    $0xffffffff,%eax

 80484bf: 74 13                 je     80484d4 <__do_global_ctors_aux+0x24>

 80484c1: bb 14 9f 04 08        mov    $0x8049f14,%ebx

 80484c6: 66 90                 xchg   %ax,%ax

 80484c8: 83 eb 04              sub    $0x4,%ebx

 80484cb: ff d0                 call   *%eax

 80484cd: 8b 03                 mov    (%ebx),%eax

 80484cf: 83 f8 ff              cmp    $0xffffffff,%eax

 80484d2: 75 f4                 jne    80484c8 <__do_global_ctors_aux+0x18>

 80484d4: 83 c4 04              add    $0x4,%esp

 80484d7: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80484d8: 5d                    pop    %ebp

 80484d9: c3                    ret    

 80484da: 90                    nop

 80484db: 90                    nop



Disassembly of section .fini:



080484dc <_fini>:

 80484dc: 55                    push   %ebp

 80484dd: 89 e5                 mov    %esp,%ebp

 80484df: 53                    push   %ebx

 80484e0: 83 ec 04              sub    $0x4,%esp

 80484e3: e8 00 00 00 00        call   80484e8 <_fini+0xc>

 80484e8: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80484e9: 81 c3 0c 1b 00 00     add    $0x1b0c,%ebx

 80484ef: e8 4c fe ff ff        call   8048340 <__do_global_dtors_aux>

 80484f4: 59                    pop    %ecx

 80484f5: 5b                    pop    %ebx

 80484f6: c9                    leave  

 80484f7: c3                    ret     

How to get a Free Teacher, Mentor, Helper Online?

Some rights reserved by Wonderlane

Do You Have a Mentor Yet?
ACM partners with MentorNet to develop e-mentoring relationships between students (protégés) and professionals (mentors). Founded in 1997, MentorNet now boasts 30,000mentor/protégé relationships that encourage and inspire students considering careers in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math). Students gain valuable career advice, encouragement and support from professionals who lend their expertise by helping to educate and inspire young professionals. Protégés are matched in one-on-one email relationships with mentors—from industry, academia, and government—who have relevant experience in the appropriate technology, engineering, and scientific fields. 

Check out MentorNet's newly redesigned website at http://www.mentornet.net/ and this short video for protégés, which will walk you through the steps of creating a profile and connecting with others in the MentorNet community. 

ACM Student Members can participate as protégés if they are undergraduates, graduates, post-doctoral students, or untenured faculty. For more information, go to:http://www.acm.org/membership/membership/student/mentornet.

TECHNICAL STUFF

 Some rights reserved by Arthur Caranta

TECH STUFF

1. to separate a part of pdf from the original pdf use the following command, u may need to install pdftk “pdftk old.pdf cat 1-9 26-end output new.pdf”
2. get all the packages installed in the PC

aptitude search '!~M ~i' | awk -F " " '{ print "apt-get -y install " $2 }' > aptshell.sh

3. to load dropbox

~/.dropbox-dist/dropboxd

4. ps command

Type the following ps command to display all running process:
# ps aux | less
Where,
 -A: select all processes
   a: select all processes on a terminal, including those of other users
   x: select processes without controlling ttys
Task: see every process on the system
# ps -A
# ps -e
Task: See every process except those running as root
# ps -U root -u root -N
Task: See process run by user vivek
# ps -u vivek

5. Task: top command

The top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system. Type the top at command prompt:
# top

6. Task: display a tree of processes
7. pstree shows running processes as a tree. The tree is rooted at either pid or init if pid is omitted. If a user name is specified, all process trees rooted at processes owned by that user are shown.

$ pstree

8. --max-depth=, which instructs du to list its subdirectories and their sizes to any desired level of depth (i.e., to any level of subdirectories) in a directory tree. For example, the following would cause du to list only the first tier (i.e., layer) of directories in the current directory and their sizes (inclusive of all of their contents, including those of their subdirectories):

  du --max-depth=1

The total space consumption for the current directory tree will also be reported, and it will, of course, be the same regardless of the depth of the files listed.

Setting --max-depth= to zero tells du to not list any of the subdirectories within the selected directory, i.e., to list only report the size of the selected directory itself. The result is the same as using the -s option.

9. wget

to download anu file online
wget <url>
wget <url> -t 'n'
-t will make n number of trials... useful at the times of broken downloads.

10. HOWTO: ISO creation from terminal

Hi,
I was looking for this (for a BASH script I wanted to write), and I found out how to do it. Now I want to share it
1. Create ISO-file from folder
Code:

mkisofs -r -o /isofile.iso /folder

where /isofile.iso is the relative or absolute path to the iso-file you want to create and /folder the absolute or relative path to the folder you want to backup.

2. Create ISO-file from file(s)
Code:

mkisofs -r -o /isofile.iso /mybigfile

or if you want to backup multipi files (like you .mp3 collection):
Code:

mkisofs -r -o /isofile.iso *.mp3

3. Create ISO-file from a cd/dvd-drive
Code:

dd if=/dev/cdrom0 of=isofile.iso
where /dev/cdrom0 is your cd/dvd-drive and isofile.iso your iso-file you want to create.

Note: An absolute path is like '/home/yn/myfile.iso', a relative path is like 'myfile.iso'
__________________

11. âž™ Synchronize all your files across Windows, Linux and Mac OS with Dropbox (2GB free storage!). By signing up via this link I'll get some extra space also, thanks!
12. command for generation of preprocessed code which will have the included files in the code as well as the code that we have written

gcc -E test.c > test.pp

object code post compilation that we always do.
gcc test.c test2.c -o test.o


the assembly dump of the code generated.
objdump -d test.o
test.c -> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> double add(int,int); int main() { printf("%f\n", add(1,2)); return 0; }

test2.c -> #include <stdio.h>

double add(int a, int b)

{

    printf("%f\n", (double)(a + b));

    return a + b;

}

13.
 How to get all log history for the so called branches in subversion
(they are nothing more than directories)

 mkdir ORACLEPOC; cd ORACLEPOC; svn2git
svn://110.0.0.10/idbl//UI/ORACLEPOC --rootistrunk --verbose; cd ..


14.
 Count total number of commits in all UI branches:

grepping on "Date:"
total=0;for i in *;  do cd $i; echo In $i; total=`expr $total + $(git
log | grep "Date:" | wc -l)`; cd ..; done; echo $total


15. 
Merge two branches  (that are in different repositories) into one.

git remote add MSSQL_2.3  /home/git/MSSQL_2.3
git pull MSSQL_2.3 master:b
git merge b
git branch -d

16.

Linux / Unix Command: chage

Command Library

NAME

chage - change user password expiry information  

SYNOPSIS

chage

[-m mindays] [-M maxdays] [-d lastday] [-I inactive] 
[-E expiredate] [-W warndays] user

RHCE Preparation, How to Prepare for Red Hat Certification.

Some rights reserved by Clifford

1^st Part Welcome

1.       Concentration mainly on commandline tool only

2.       GUI is not always available

3.       Command line is quicker

4.       Exam is completely hands on based

5.       RHEL6 system only to be used

6.       Rebuilds like CentOS or scientific linux may be used as well. These use the RPM’s provided by Red Hat to public downloads

7.       Open Source code is available and Rebuilds use the same code.

8.       www.scientificlinux.org / www.centos.org

2^nd Part Practice Requirements

1.       Compatible H/W list is available on www.redhat.com/rhel/compare

2.       For installation any 32 bit or 64 bit machine can be used with minimum 512 MB or 1 GB RAM

3.       Using Virtual Machine is fine

a.       VirtualBox

b.      VMWare Player

c.       Parallels Desktop for MAC

d.      Virt Manager built in kernel

3^rd Part Basic Installation

1.       Kickstart Installation is the only method that is covered in RHCSA

2.       Basic Installation needs to be known

3.       Insert the disc after starting the computer

4.       Select Install or Upgrade an existing system

5.       Skip the check for installation media as per requirements

6.       Click next

7.       Choose Language and choose next

8.       Choose keyboard type and next

9.       Select Basic/Specialized Storage device and Next

10.   Yes Discard any data and next

11.   Hostname choose

a.       Enter host name

b.      Click configure network

c.       Choose system eth0 device

d.      Click edit

e.      Check mark connect automatically

f.        Check IP4 setting automatic DHCP

g.       Apply and close

12.   Click next

13.   Time zone select

14.   Root Password and confirm and next

15.   Installation method select use all space

16.   Check review and modify partition lay out and observe

17.   Write changes to disk select

18.   Install Bootloader to a particular location

19.   Choose Bootloader password if needed and next

20.   What type of installation needed and next

21.   System installation starts and after it ends Reboot

22.   Restart First boot screen

23.   Final configuration steps ‘Forward’

24.   Agree license Forward , Register Later

25.   No thanks I’ll connect to RHEL later

26.   Username and other details Forward

27.   System Time set

28.   Finish

4^th Part KickStart Files

1.       Automated installation using kickstart

2.       Kickstart installations are performed based on files that contain instructions of how the system needs to be setup

3.       A kickstart configuration file is automatically created by the anaconda installer at the end of the RHEL installation

4.       This file is saved in the root user’s home directory called Anaconda-ks.cfg

5.       You can manually create a kickstart file manually by the system config kickstart utility

6.       Application > system tools > kickstart

7.       This application is not installed by default however its easy to get it post installation

8.       Open kick start file to view its content

# kickstart file automatically generated by anaconda

# version = DEVEL

Install cdrom  //this means installation media was cdrom

Network enable //network was enabled

Root password encrypted

Firewall started ssh port opened

Shadow password for authentication

Selinux—set to enforcing mode

Timezone -> set

Bootloader

Below this is hard drive and LVM layout

All are commented by ‘#’ reason being a new system requiring the file may not have same hard drive layout

Installation repository name RHEL

Packages section have all software info ‘@’ indicates package group

‘@’ absent indicated individual package

‘-‘ indicates package excluded from install

9.       Uncomment the drive details since we need it for the automated install later

10.   The system configuration kickstart file can be used to modify existing kickstart config file as well

11.   File > open > select anaconda-ks.cfg and fields will be automatically filled along with partition info

12.   Display configuration : if we do not include directives for installing Graphical Desktop Environment than the 1^st boot service will not run after the installation has finished. In this event u will have to manually add a user to the system. By default kickstart only defines a root user, we can add a new user to kickstart file with ‘user’ directive

13.   Simplest place to specify a user is right below the root user in the kickstart file

User –name=Kenny –password=pass1234

More info at www.fedoraproject.org/wiki/anaconda/kickstart

5^th Part Rhel installation from kickstart file

Network location install

1.       You can use kick start file from a:

a.       Network location

b.      Cd

c.       hard drive

d.      web location

e.      ftp server

f.        nfs server

g.       usb device

2.       basic syntax is the same

3.       modify location every time

4.       steps to install

a.        boot install media

b.      press escape key

c.       boot prompt appears

d.      boot: linux ks=nfs:192.168.75.132:/srv/nfs/ks.cfg (enter)

5.       (nfs folder needs to be shared out)

6.       installation will finish automatically press reboot at the end

6^th Part Accessing terminal

1.       application > system tool > terminal

2.       steven born > bourn shell

3.       bash shell default

4.       change color edit preferences

5.       virtual/tty(teletype) console ctrl + alt + f1 to f6 while in gui

6.       enter username password n access is it

7.       while in tty console u can switch to any other console by alt+f1 to f6

8.       shift and page up and page down key to scroll up and down in the tty console

9.       to return to desktop ctrl+alt+f7

10.   all the Linux config files are in human readable format

11.   login shell for example

12.   when a login shell is started it is run from /etc/profile

13.   this scripts has users environment variables such as users path, hostname, history size, iot will also run the scripts in /etc/profile.d

14.   next the .bash_profile script in the users home directory is run this script modifies some of the environment variables stored in /etc/profile scripts

15.   next the .bash_prifile script cause the .bashrc script in the users home directory

16.   this script sets some of the local variables such as ps 1 variables which dictates how the command prompt appears

17.   a non login shell utilize the same scripts just in a different orders

18.   the 1st script that runs in the non login shell is the .bashrc script in the home directory

19.   this script in turn calls the  etc/bashrc scripts and this script calls the etc/profiel.d

7^th Part Basic Commands

1.       ls- list directories

2.       ls-l long listing permission, user ownership n file size

3.       ls –lh file size in human readable

4.       ls –a hidden file and all other files with ‘.’

5.       Cd change directory cd /dir_name

6.       Cd .. to parent directory

7.       Cd -~ home directory

8.       Pwd print working directory

9.       Clear to clear screen

10.   Mkdir to make a directory

11.   Mkdir –p  subdirectory beneath a directory /name/name1/name12

12.   Rmdir to remove a directory only works on empty directory

13.   Rmdir –p whole tree provided empty

14.   Cp copy files n folder from one to another

15.   Rm to remove files n dir that has content

16.   Rm -f to not have warning before delete

17.   Rm –r to remove directory with content

18.   Mv to moves files n directory also used to rename

19.   Less to read content of file scroll using up and down using arrow key and skip page using page up and page down keys or use j and k to scroll and press q  to quit

20.   Man to print manual page associated for each command ‘/’ we can search whatever we want to search in the manual page quit by q

21.   Apropos term_name to get details of any particular term existing it will give a list of the details present about that term in any of the commands and display it. By default there will be a number associated with every page e.g number 8 is for system administration tasks number 1 shows commands available for regular users 5 for specific file formats and configuration files

22.   –help can be used with any command to see what options to be used with that command

23.   Info much like man pages but may have more info not all commands have info pages

9^th Part Cat and Nano

1.       Cat is short for concatenate we can join many files into one or we can concatenate output of the terminal into a new file.

2.       Also used to show content of a file in terminal

3.       To create anew file into terminal using cat use the following syntax cat << EOF > test.txt (enter) input_your_text EOF(end of file)

4.       Cat filename.txt to read its content

5.       To combine files into new file cat file1.txt file2.txt > file3.txt

6.       NANO text editor

7.       Type nano (enter)

8.       Similar to edit text editor

9.       Type text

10.   Ctrl o to save file filename to file exit by ctrl x

11.   Nano space filename

12.   Ctrl x to exit

13.   Ctrl w for searching ctrl r to replace

14.   Ctrl g to help on nano

10^TH Part Vim

1.       Improved Vi

2.       Installed and available by default

3.       Buy borrow editor lets u view contents but not modify  it. Editor mode to modify

4.       Enter vim and press enter u will get a welcome screen

5.       :help to see help to use VIM j n k to navigate

6.       :q to quit file

7.       I for insert mode

8.       Esc to normal mode

9.       Save the file esc :wq

10.   :q! close without saving

11.   Vim filename

12.   Shift+a to end of line append

13.   0 to move cursor to beginning of the line

14.   O to go beneath the beginning of the present line

15.   K to move up

16.   Yy to yank the line i.e copy

17.   P to paste

18.   U to undo

19.   Delete the 1^st character by x key

20.   Vimtutor to instructions